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  • Is Patchouli Safe for Cats? Vet-Reviewed Health Facts – Catster

    Is Patchouli Safe for Cats? Vet-Reviewed Health Facts – Catster

    Humans have used essential oils for eons—as long ago as 4500 B.C. in Ancient Egypt, where they were used in ointments and cosmetics.

    Today, essential oils are used as part of aromatherapy and to help with minor health conditions. But there are questions regarding the safety of using essential oils like patchouli around our cats.

    While patchouli oil is not considered highly toxic, there is still a considerable risk of using it on or near pets, particularly cats.

    In this article, we dig deep into everything essential oils, but with a focus on patchouli and whether it is safe for our cherished felines.

    A Little About Essential Oils

    Essential oils are obtained through a distillation method by steam and/or water or by cold pressing. The process of squeezing out the “essence” of the plant gives us the natural smell (and flavor, though these oils are not meant to be ingested).

    They are used in various ways, such as in perfumes and other items meant to emit a scent, like candles and soaps. They have also been used to induce a mood, such as lavender helping to create a calm space, or to rub into the skin to help treat skin conditions.

    There is controversy surrounding the effectiveness of essential oils, particularly with health conditions. But the scent does seem to have a mental benefit for some people.

    essential-oil-in-beautiful-bottles_Nikolaeva-Galina_Shutterstock
    Image Credit: Nikolaeva-Galina, Shutterstock

    A Little About Patchouli

    Patchouli is a kind of aromatic herb, and it’s from the plant that the essential oil is derived from. Once you’ve had a whiff of patchouli, there’s no mistaking it! It’s described as spicy, sweet, and woodsy and is commonly used in cosmetics, perfumes, and incense.

    It’s said that patchouli can treat skin conditions like acne and dry skin and helps relieve stress and depression. Patchouli has also been used as an antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticide, as well as to control appetite.

    The Issue of Essential Oils and Cats

    Essential oils and cats don’t mix! Essential oils can be absorbed quite quickly via the skin and orally and through inhalation. They are then metabolized by the liver. But cats don’t have an enzyme in their liver that helps metabolize and eliminate specific toxins like essential oils.

    Certain essential oils, including patchouli, contain phenols and phenolic compounds, which cats are also susceptible to. So, if a cat inhales, ingests, or has essential oils put on their skin, their body cannot process it, and it can prove fatal. This is particularly true if the essential oil is at its most concentrated, at 100%.

    The essential oils that are the most dangerous to cats are:

    • Wintergreen
    • Sweet birch
    • Citrus (d-limonene)
    • Pine
    • Ylang Ylang
    • Peppermint
    • Cinnamon
    • Pennyroyal
    • Clove
    • Eucalyptus
    • Tea tree

    While patchouli is not on this list, it does contain phenol compounds and will likely make your cat quite sick.

    peppermint essential oil
    Image Credit: silviarita,Pixabay

    Signs of Essential Oil Poisoning

    The signs of essential oil poisoning entirely depend on the type of oil and what kind of exposure occurs. They can include:

    • Drooling
    • Vomiting
    • Tremors
    • Wobbliness
    • Respiratory distress
    • Low heart rate
    • Low body temperature
    • Liver failure

    If your cat was exposed to any essential oils and exhibits any of these signs, take them immediately to your vet or closest emergency clinic!

    Signs that your cat inhaled essential oils are:

    • Labored breathing
    • Fast breathing
    • Panting
    • Coughing
    • Wheezing

    If your cat looks like they are about to throw up a hairball but doesn’t, this merits an immediate vet visit!

    Protecting Your Cat

    If you use patchouli essential oil in the home or any other oils, you’ll need to put them in a safe place that your cat can’t access. If they are adept at opening cupboards and jumping to high and hard-to-reach areas, you’ll want to thoroughly cat proof the hiding place. You might also want to seal the patchouli oil in a resealable plastic bag, especially if you can smell it without even opening the bottle.

    When using the patchouli, make sure you only spray it or light the incense when your cat is out of the room, and don’t let them back in until the potency has faded. Don’t use essential oil reed diffusers in rooms that cats have access to. Diluted essential oils are better because the more concentrated the oil is, the more dangerous it is for your cat.

    Never spray essential oils on or near your cat. Beyond the inhalation problem, if any of it falls on your cat’s fur, it can be absorbed through the skin, and your cat will also ingest it through grooming. This includes washing your hands before petting your cat if you’ve put on lotion scented with essential oil. It’s likely quite diluted, but it’s better to be safe than sorry.

    essential oils
    Image Credit: Madeleine Steinbach, Shutterstock

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    Conclusion

    Patchouli essential oil is not thought to be as toxic as some other essential oils, but it does contain phenols, which can pose a danger to your cat. It’s dangerous if your cat breathes it in or if it’s put on their skin and fur.

    So, while using essential oils can prove to be of benefit for us, particularly if you’re in love with a scent, they’re not safe for use around cats.

    Play it safe, and only use patchouli when your cat isn’t in the room, and ensure that it’s quite diluted. If you’re still worried, you probably shouldn’t use it at all.


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    Kathryn Copeland

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  • Do Cats Enjoy Sex & Mating? Vet-Reviewed Feline Facts – Catster

    Do Cats Enjoy Sex & Mating? Vet-Reviewed Feline Facts – Catster

    You may have noticed the familiar sounds and behavioral changes in your female cat and guessed that they’re in heat. Their restlessness, excessive vocalization, and desire to go outside to find a mate may have you wondering whether cats enjoy sex and mating or if their behavior is entirely instinctual. Cats are hormonally driven to have sex in order to reproduce. There is no evidence behaviourally or otherwise to suggest that sexual activity is enjoyable for them.

    Although it can take hours before the queen approaches the tom cat, the mating process usually only takes a maximum of a few minutes. However, those few minutes can feel long for an owner as they watch what looks like a fight! Keep reading as we discuss when and how cats mate.

    When Do Cats Mate?

    Cats can start mating once they reach sexual maturity. This usually happens from 6–9 months. Female cats go into heat every 2–3 weeks during the breeding season, which is usually January to late fall in the Northern Hemisphere. When in heat they’ll show signs of readiness to mate, be interested in the tom’s advancements, and be more likely to allow a tom to mount them.

    A female cat will show signs of being in heat and being ready to mate. If they are not in heat, they cannot fall pregnant and will reject any advancement from a tom. Once a male cat reaches sexual maturity, they are able to mate at any time but will usually only ever attempt to mate with females that are in heat.

    Male cats will try everything they can to get to a female cat in heat. He knows it’s the right time because he can smell her pheromones, which gives him all the information he needs. The unneutered male cat can pick up these pheromones left behind by an in-heat female from hours before and may follow the scent until he finds her, which is why many unneutered males roam.

    two-tabby-cats-in-the-room-full-of-travel-accessories
    Image Credit: Kasefoto, Shutterstock

    How Do Cats Mate?

    Even with all the calling and flirting, the queen usually won’t allow the tom near her until he has put in some work and courted her for several hours. Once she is willing to mate, she will bend her chest to the ground and raise her back end to the tom, exposing her genital area.

    Once the tom gets the “go ahead” from the queen, he’ll mount her and bite the skin at the back of her neck. The mating process is short and brief.

    Do Female Cats Enjoy Mating?

    If anyone wonders if a female cat enjoys mating, they probably have never witnessed the act! While the male and female cats are mating, the queen will scream and may even fight to break free from the male’s grip. This can involve turning, rolling, clawing, and attempting to bite the tom.

    A female cat will have this reaction because a tom’s penis is barbed and scrapes the inside of her vagina, which is very painful. This scraping is what stimulates ovulation and allows the female cat to fall pregnant.

    two feral cats on the table
    Image Credit: Nathalie-Jolie,Unsplash

    What Happens After Mating Has Occurred?

    Once the female cat has broken free from the tom, he’ll run off. If he doesn’t, the queen will chase him away. The female cat will become agitated and roll on the ground and show signs of discomfort. This reaction lasts around 10 minutes and is likely due to the hormones and the pain she just experienced. During this time, she’ll also groom herself, focusing on her genital area.

    When Can Cats Mate Again?

    It doesn’t take much time for both cats to be ready to mate again after having sexual intercourse, as it can take between 5 to 30 minutes. This can be with each other or with new partners. A queen can mate up to 30 times during her estrous cycle and can mate with many different toms. One female cat can give birth to a litter of kittens who are genetically diverse because they have different fathers.

    Although penetration stimulates ovulation, there is no guarantee that the queen will fall pregnant on the first try. Breeders will encourage mating to happen several times throughout the queen’s estrous cycle to increase the chances of pregnancy.

    Spaying and Neutering

    Contrary to what some people believe, cats don’t need to mate and will not become more aggressive if they don’t mate. Queens will show signs of being ready to mate when they’re in heat, and males will try their best to get them to reproduce. These behavioral changes can be stressful because outdoor cats will roam and sometimes get into fights. There is also the risk of unwanted pregnancies, even with indoor cats.

    The only way to prevent an unwanted pregnancy is through spaying your cat. You will also reduce undesirable behavior in your tom cat by neutering them. Spaying and neutering also protect against certain diseases and cancers.

    cat spaying procedure
    Image Credit: De Visu, Shutterstock

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    Conclusion

    Cats don’t appear to enjoy sex. In fact, instead of experiencing enjoyment, female cats experience pain because the penis of a tom cat is barbed and scrapes the inside of her vagina. Unneutered cats will mate when the queen goes into heat, and behavioral changes will occur.

    You can prevent undesirable behavior as well as the risk of pregnancy by neutering your cat.


    Featured Image Credit: Sergey-Neanderthalec, Shutterstock

    Keri-Beth Clur

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  • Can a Q-Tip Help a Cat in Heat? (Vet Answer) – Catster

    Can a Q-Tip Help a Cat in Heat? (Vet Answer) – Catster

    Cats that have not been spayed cycle through a fertile period every 14–21 days during the breeding season.1 This is called being “in heat.” When a female cat is in heat, this is an indication she is ready to mate with a male cat. Some owners find the behavior of their cats while they are in heat to be disruptive and/or destructive. They then may seek ways to suppress the signs or bring their cat out of heat rapidly so they don’t have to put up with the undesirable behavior.

    One way that has been documented to calm your cat down and bring them out of heat is the “Q-tip method.” This has been reported to be a way that cat owners can soothe their cat who is in heat and calm them down quickly, therefore reducing the unwanted behavior in the home. The Q-tip method involves insertion of the Q-tip into your cat’s vagina and pushing it in and out several times.

    It is not at all recommended to use the Q-tip method as there are too many things that can go wrong. Let’s explore this subject in more depth.

    What Does Being in Heat Mean for Cats?

    When the term “in heat” is used, it often confuses people. When people refer to a female cat as being “in heat” or being “in season,” this means they are in a stage where they are fertile and are able to get pregnant if they have a sexual encounter with a male cat. The first heat cycle for cats can start as young as 4 months old.

    If your cat has been spayed (which means they have had their uterus and ovaries removed) they are unable to go into heat. This also means they are unable to get pregnant. Cats usually go into heat about once a month during the breeding season. In the northern hemisphere this is usually between January and late fall, but is dependent on the number of daylight hours. Cats that live in more tropical regions can cycle all year round.

    cat in heat bends in an arm chair
    Image Credit: iwciagr, Shutterstock

    How to Tell If Your Cat Is in Heat

    All cats are individuals and some display clinical signs of being in heat differently from others. External signs such as a swollen vulva or bloody discharge are not usually that obvious in cats. The most common signs of a cat being in heat are behavioral and include:

    • Vocalization (this can include yowling, wailing, and meowing more than they usually do)
    • Loud purring
    • Spraying urine around the house
    • Enlarged nipples
    • More frequent urination
    • Arching their back and wriggling their backside
    • More skittish than usual
    • Restlessness
    • Scratching things in the house
    • Crawling low to the ground
    • Wagging their tail from side to side
    • Overgrooming and licking themselves or other animals and humans
    • Overt displays of affection
    • Rubbing themselves on objects, other animals, and humans

    What is the Q-Tip Method?

    The Q-tip method is a way that has been described for owners to calm their cats down when they are in heat. Owners are advised to insert a Q-tip into the entrance of their cat’s vagina and move it in and out. The advice continues to say that the Q-tip should be inserted in and out fairly rapidly until the cat calms down. Essentially the Q-tip is supposed to mimic a male cat’s penis entering the vagina and stimulate the same response.

    Cats are induced ovulators, meaning that they ovulate only when they are mated. The Q-tip is supposed to stimulate ovulation and therefore bring the cat out of heat. The Q-tip method is NEVER recommended by veterinarians. Let’s discuss why.

    Cotton swabs are held in the hand
    Image Credit: r.krauss_photography,Shutterstock

    The 4 Reasons the Q-Tip Method is Advised Against

    1. Risk of Infection

    There is a huge risk of introducing infection using a Q-tip. If a foreign body is inserted into your cat’s vagina, it can bring in all sorts of bacteria. Even if attempts are made to sterilize the Q-tip, (which will be difficult at home), there is still a huge risk of infection.

    Another potential issue is that because the end of the Q-tip is essentially cotton wool, small bits of fluff can come off it and remain in the vagina. This can cause a foreign body reaction and a nasty infection if left unnoticed.


    2. Injury

    Inserting a Q-tip to simulate the male cat’s penis can cause damage. You may push too hard, and tears and lacerations on the inside of the vagina are very painful and can be challenging to repair. You may cause unnecessary friction when inserting the Q-tip, or the angle may be incorrect.

    All of these things can cause unnecessary trauma and subsequent infection if there are wounds or broken skin.

    sad sick cat
    Image Credit: Julia-Cherk, Shutterstock

    3. Unethical

    Cats being in heat is a normal, natural process. It is unethical to perform this sort of procedure on a cat to attempt to stop the behavior. A cat is an animal that acts based on instincts and it is inappropriate to intervene and give the cat mixed messages about what to expect from natural urges.


    4. Low Success Rate

    This technique actually has a very low success rate. The risk of complications is far greater than any potential benefit therefore it is not worth doing.

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    The 7 Alternative Ways to Help Your Cat

    1. Catnip

    Catnip can be given to female cats in heat in an attempt to calm them down. Catnip (Nepeta Cataria) is an herb belonging to the mint family. It has small aromatic leaves that cats are attracted to. The smell of catnip can help to relax your cat and distract them from mating urges.

    grey-cat-enjoying-fresh-catnip
    Image credit: Anna Hoychuk, Shutterstock

    2. Pheromone Diffuser

    There are pheromone diffusers available that release synthetic chemicals that emulate the

    natural pheromones a mother cat releases when nursing her kittens. These can be very useful to calm down a cat in heat. These can be purchased as wall plug-ins to be released into the atmosphere to calm your cat.


    3. Warm Heat Pad

    Anecdotal evidence suggests that giving your cat a heating pad to lie on when they are in heat can help them calm down. The warmth of the pad can relax your cat and encourage them to lie down and rest.


    4. Spay Your Cat

    One way to ensure your cat does not come into heat at all is to have your cat spayed. Spaying involves the removal of the uterus and the ovaries through a small incision made on the side or along the bottom of the abdomen. Spaying also has other health benefits for your cat such as reducing the risk of mammary cancer.

    cat after spaying
    Image Credit: Sannikova Maria, Shutterstock

    5. L-theanine

    This is an amino acid that can be found in the leaves of the tea plant. It is thought to have a calming effect on humans and animals.


    6. Increase Physical Activity

    If you play with your cat and allow them to run around, this can potentially distract them from their urges and stop them from getting stressed out. Exercise has many benefits for your cat’s health too.


    7. Enrichment Toys

    There are many puzzle toys and enrichment toys available you can buy for your cat. Some release small amounts of food as an incentive to keep playing or a reward. Others offer mental stimulation. These toys can distract your cat from their mating urges.

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    Image Credit: Viacheslav Lopatin, Shutterstock

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    Conclusion

    Using a Q-tip to help relieve a cat when they are in heat is not a suitable option. It is dangerous and there are lots of things that can go wrong. Your cat could end up with a serious injury or an infection.

    There are lots of effective alternatives offering your cat relief or preventing them from being in heat altogether. Spaying your cat will mean that they cannot come into heat or get pregnant.


    Featured Image Credit: ang intaravichian, Shutterstock

    Dr. Emma Chandley, BVetMed MRCVS (Vet)

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  • How Often to Change Your Cat’s Water? Vet-Approved Care Tips – Catster

    How Often to Change Your Cat’s Water? Vet-Approved Care Tips – Catster

    We all know that cats need fresh water daily, but if you have a larger bowl that they don’t empty each day, how often do you need to change it out? The truth is that you need to give your cat fresh water every day, and if they don’t drink it all, you need to dump it out, clean the bowl, and then give them fresh water again.

    But why do you need to swap out the water every day, and what can happen if you don’t?

    How Often Should You Clean Your Cat’s Water and Food Bowls?

    While you might not think much about your cat’s food and water bowls, that doesn’t keep bacteria from forming on them. Just like you don’t want to use a dirty bowl or cup for your meals, you shouldn’t expect your cat to use one either.

    Because of this, you should clean their food and water bowls every single day. It might seem a little excessive, but there’s a reason you wash your dishes after each use, and your cat deserves the same thing!

    kitten water bowl
    Image Credit: Maria Moroz, Shutterstock

    How Much Water Should Your Cat Drink?

    The amount of water a cat drinks out of a traditional water bowl depends on the size of your cat and the type of cat food you feed them. If you feed your cat wet cat food, it contains 70 to 80% moisture, meaning it can give your cat a lot of the fluids that they need.

    Overall, your cat needs about 4 ounces for every 5 pounds of body weight, meaning a 10-pound cat needs 8 ounces of water each day.1 But since your cat can get their water from their food or their water bowl, sometimes it can be hard to measure just how much water they’re actually getting.

    What Could Happen if You Don’t Change/Clean the Bowl Enough?

    You need to take the time to clean your cat’s water bowl daily, and the reason for this all comes down to the inevitable contamination with food particles, dust and bacteria. If you’re not cleaning the bowl enough, your cat may become unwell from drinking water contaminated with bacteria.

    Cats are also very fussy about the water they drink. If the water smells or tastes funky because it is not clean and fresh, they may drink less or not drink it at all. Not drinking enough water can also cause problems, for example putting cats at an increased risk of urinary tract issues.

    How Often Should You Clean a Cat Water Fountain?

    While you need to clean a traditional cat water bowl each day, if you have a fancier cat water fountain-style bowl, you likely don’t need to clean it quite as often as the water is moving and they generally contain filters. However, you still need to follow the manufacturer’s guidelines and on average clean it and replace the water at least once a week, but often every 3 to 4 days, even if the water in the bowl lasts longer than that.

    These fountain-style bowls don’t collect bacteria as quickly as traditional bowls, but they don’t stay clean forever. When cleaning the bowl, dump out any water that’s still in the bowl and give them fresh water to prevent bacterial buildup. Be sure to follow guidance on how often to change and replace filters as well, which is usually every 4 weeks.

    Cat drinking water fountain
    Image Credit: Vershinin89, Shutterstock

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    Final Thoughts

    Now that you know a little more about how often you should change your cat’s water bowl and why it’s so important, all that’s left is for you to take the time to clean it. It can be a pain to adjust to at first if you don’t normally clean them that often, but once you get into a rhythm, it only takes a few minutes each day, and it goes a long way in keeping your cat healthy and safe!


    Featured Image Credit: AleksandarMilutinovic, Shutterstock

    Adam Mann

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  • How Often Should You Change the Water in a Cat Water Fountain? Vet-Approved Care Facts – Catster

    How Often Should You Change the Water in a Cat Water Fountain? Vet-Approved Care Facts – Catster

    If you struggle to get your kitty to drink water, you may have purchased a cat water fountain to encourage them to stay hydrated. The constantly running water may be more appealing to your cat than a bowl of water. While the movement helps the water stay fresher, you should still change the water in your cat’s fountain at least once a week based on the manufacturer’s recommendation. However, you should change it more frequently if you have multiple cats.

    In this article, we’ll cover how to know when to change the water in your cat’s fountain and the other steps you should take to keep it clean and sanitary. We’ll also discuss other strategies to encourage your cat to drink more and why keeping your pet hydrated is vital.

    How to Decide How Often to Change the Water in Your Cat’s Fountain

    Several factors help determine how often you should change your cat’s water in a fountain.

    First, how many cats are using the fountain? The more cats that drink from the fountain, the faster the water disappears and the quicker it gets dirty with debris. If you have multiple cats, you may need to change the water as often as every 2–3 days.

    You should also consider the manufacturer’s recommendation for the water fountain. Cat water fountains usually come with filters that keep the water clean, but they all work a bit differently. Read the directions for your fountain to find out how often the company recommends the water be changed.

    Finally, examine the water in the fountain. Does it look cloudy, dirty or slimy? If so, go ahead and change it.

    cat water fountain
    Image Credit: Creative Cat Studio, Shutterstock

    How to Keep Your Cat’s Water Fountain Clean

    Any vessel that holds water will eventually develop slime and mold if not cleaned regularly. To prevent this problem in your cat’s water fountain, clean it thoroughly at least once a week. Follow the manufacturer’s recommendation for cleaning based on the type of water fountain you have.

    Some parts of your water fountain may be dishwasher safe, while others will need to be hand-washed. When you clean the fountain, replace the water completely. If your water fountain has a filter, change it according to the recommended schedule, usually every 2-4 weeks.

    Why Is It Important for Your Cat to Drink Water?

    Cats will drink different amounts of water depending on what they are fed as well as their size, activity levels and health. Wet food contains 70-80% water, so if your cat regularly eats wet food they will need to drink less water.

    It is important for cats to stay hydrated and just like us they can get dehydrated if their water intake is not enough for the fluids they are losing. This can be if they are unwell and not eating and drinking as much, or it can be caused by illness and increased loss of fluids like with vomiting or diarrhea. The signs of dehydration will vary depending on the severity but can include:

    • Dry gums
    • Decreased skin elasticity
    • Sunken eyes
    • Weakness
    • Constipation

    If you are concerned your cat is not drinking enough or they are showing signs of being dehydrated or unwell then contact your veterinarian.

    Cute cat drinking from water dispenser or water fountain
    Image Credit: Creative Cat Studio, Shutterstock

    Other Tips to Encourage Your Cat to Stay Hydrated

    Not all cats enjoy drinking out of a water fountain. Some dislike the noise or find the process strange and unfamiliar. To help these cats stay hydrated, you’ll need to try different strategies.

    First, you can experiment with different types and locations for your cat’s water bowls.

    Try glass, ceramic, or metal bowls in various sizes and shapes, plastic bowls can taint the water. Place multiple water bowls around the house at various heights, including on counters, tables, and the floor. Cats prefer not to drink water which is near their food or toileting area. Change the water in the bowls daily and keep them clean to prevent slime buildup.

    You can add a few drops of tuna juice or unsalted chicken broth to your cat’s water on occasion to encourage water intake.

    Another option is adding canned food to your cat’s diet or switching from kibble completely.

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    Conclusion

    Depending on how many cats you have and the specific recommendations for your cat water fountain, you should expect to change the water every 2–7 days. Cats usually don’t like drinking dirty water, so there’s not much point in switching to a water fountain if you let the water get dirty.

    If your cat suffers from health issues like diabetes or urinary tract disease, it’s especially important that they drink plenty of water. Talk to your vet about monitoring your cat’s water intake and additional strategies to ensure they stay hydrated.


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    Elizabeth Gray

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  • Why Do Mother Cats Attack Their Older Kittens? 4 Vet-Reviewed Reasons – Catster

    Why Do Mother Cats Attack Their Older Kittens? 4 Vet-Reviewed Reasons – Catster

    Queens occasionally reject kittens who appear to be ill or spend less time caring for weaker ones when they have particularly large litters and not enough milk to provide adequate nourishment for all their babies. Mother cats sometimes stop giving their kittens attention but can also actively attack them, for a variety of reasons.

    Once kittens get older, the reasons mother cats may go on the attack vary from teaching boundaries to weaning. Contact your veterinarian for advice if you become concerned about your cat’s behavior or the kittens’ welfare. Keep reading to learn more about four possible reasons mother cats attack older kittens.

    The 4 Reasons a Mother Cat May Attack Their Older Kittens

    1. Weaning

    When cats are born, they’re dependent on their mothers for nutrition. As kittens age, their mothers encourage them to eat regular food by pushing them away when they want to cuddle up and nurse.

    The process can continue until cats are entirely weaned, and most kittens need about 6-8 weeks before they’re fully weaned. If your cat appears to be reacting assertively, specifically when her older kittens approach to nurse, there’s likely nothing to be worried about as it’s probably just part of the natural weaning process.

    mother cat feeding kittens
    Image Credit: Christiane Höfer, Pixabay

    2. Teaching Boundaries

    Cats sometimes react aggressively when things become too heated during playtime. Mother cats are primarily responsible for teaching their babies how to interact with and get along with other cats and navigate the world. Cats often growl, bite, and use aggression to tell their feline friends it’s time to back off.

    If your cat is biting or hitting her kittens when they get carried away while playing, she’s likely teaching them their boundaries. The mother and her kittens usually calm down after she disciplines them.


    3. Redirected Aggression

    Scared cats sometimes attack people and animals that have nothing to do with what’s upsetting them. For instance, a cat who is upset with the family dog may attack the nearest bystander instead of the dog; it’s called redirected aggression and can also be triggered by things your cat sees happening outside.

    If your cat reacts aggressively toward her kittens after a showdown with another pet, it may be redirected aggression. Allowing cats the time and space to calm down is critical when it comes to controlling this sort of behavior.

    Angry cat to kitten
    Image Credit: Alfiya Safuanova, Shutterstock

    4. Pain

    Cats often hide signs they’re not feeling well; it’s an adaptation that helped them survive in the wild. It’s notoriously difficult to identify signs of illness in cats, as they’re often subtle and marked by minor changes. Cats that aren’t feeling well often withdraw and lose interest in interacting with people they usually want to spend every minute with, and they can even lash out when feeling particularly under the weather.

    Some bite and become aggressive when painful parts of their bodies are touched. If your cat generally appears to be lethargic or you’ve observed other behavioral changes, make an appointment with your vet to ensure nothing else is going on that could be causing the behavior.

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    Conclusion

    Mother cats can become aggressive toward older kittens for several reasons, including setting limits and weaning. Pain can also motivate this sort of behavior. Mother cats can go on the offensive when kittens’ play becomes a bit too enthusiastic.

    Getting rid of stressors and ensuring cats have comfortable environments that meet their needs can often go a long way toward reducing overly assertive behavior in pets. Keep in mind that punishing cats for aggressive conduct makes the situation worse. Cats showing signs of illness, such as lethargy, lack of appetite, or withdrawal, should always be seen by a veterinarian so that they can be diagnosed and treated.


    Featured Image Credit: Volodymyr Plysiuk, Shutterstock

    Lorre Luther

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  • What Causes Abnormal Eye Color in Cats? 3 Vet-Reviewed Factors – Catster

    What Causes Abnormal Eye Color in Cats? 3 Vet-Reviewed Factors – Catster

    Cats are known for having the most beautiful eyes among animals. Given their striking eye colors, have you ever wondered what causes a cat to have a specific eye color? Better yet, do you know what an abnormal eye color is for a cat and what causes it? If so, you’ve landed on the right page.

    In this guide, we’ll discuss the three causes of abnormal eye colors in cats so you’re better informed about why your cat may have an unusual eye color and if you should be concerned.

    What Determines Eye Colors in Cats?

    Before we dive into what causes abnormal eye colors in cats, let us first explain what determines eye colors in the first place.

    A cat’s eye color is determined by the amount of pigment in the iris. Melanin is produced and stored by melanocytes and is the pigment responsible for determining skin, hair, and eye color for both humans and animals. The amount of melanin in the iris plays a huge factor in the color of a cat’s eyes—the more melanin present in the iris, the darker-colored the eyes will be.

    However, blue eyes don’t have any pigment in them. Iris fibers scatter and absorb some of the longer wavelengths of incoming light. Thus, more blue light comes out and the eyes appear blue.

    What Causes Abnormal Eye Colors in Cats?

    A few factors play a role in determining eye color in cats, but what causes abnormal colors? Let’s find out.

    1. Glaucoma

    Glaucoma is a condition in which the eye experiences an increased pressure, called intraocular pressure, because the fluid that is produced inside the eye can’t be drained properly. Glaucoma is a serious condition that can lead to the loss of sight. The eye color may change and appear cloudy with a milky appearance. The condition can cause eye pain and produce a watery discharge, abnormally shaped pupils, of course, a change in color, typically taking on a bluish color. This condition warrants a trip to the vet immediately for treatment to prevent loss of sight and irreversible damage to the affected eye.

    Acute glaucoma in adult cat
    Image Credit: Todorean-Gabriel, Shutterstock

    2. Uveitis

    Uveitis is an inflammation of the uvea, the internal vascular layer of the eye. Uveitis can result from trauma, a tumor, different types of infections, or an immune-mediated process. Uveitis is also a serious condition that must be treated appropriately; if left unattended, it can cause life-long problems. Signs of uveitis are numerous and not specific to uveitis. The eye typically looks cloudy, the iris can look darkened or reddish, a watery or mucousy discharge is often present, and the white of the eye may appear red and swollen. Commonly, the cat may squint or paw at the eye, and the vision is decreased, though this may not be obvious if only one eye is affected.

    small kitten with congenital cataract of one eye
    Image Credit: Inga Gedrovicha, Shutterstock

    3. Heterochromia

    Heterochromia involves differences in iris coloration and is determined by genetics. There are a few types:

    • Heterochromia iridum (“complete” heterochromia): A cat will have two different eye colors, with one eye having more melanin than the other. Typically, one eye will be blue and the other green, but sometimes, the other eye can be yellow or brown. This condition is often referred to as “odd eyes”.
    • Heterochromia iridis (“segmental” heterochromia): This is where different parts of an iris will have different colors.
    • Central heterochromia: This also involves two different colors in the same eye. One radiates from the pupil mixing with the other one in a spiky pattern.
    White cat with Heterochromia
    Image Credit: didsss, Pixabay

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    What Are Normal Eye Colors in Cats?

    Genetics also play a role in determining the eye color of a particular cat. For example, cats with a “pointed” color pattern, meaning dark fur on the face and paws and a light-colored body, may have blue eyes. Typically, though, eye color and fur color are unrelated. Here are eye colors considered to be normal for cats.

    1. Yellow

    Dilute Tortoiseshell cat with yellow eyes
    Image Credit: Mary Swift, Shutterstock

    Yellow is by far the most common eye color seen in cats. Think of how many cats you’ve seen with yellow eyes! Black cats with yellow eyes, in particular, have a striking appearance and are quite noticeable. A yellow-eyed cat may also have a mix of brown or hazel mixed in and possibly a gold color. The yellow eye color is a result of low pigmentation in the iris.


    2. Amber

    close up of a black cat with amber eyes
    Image Credit: Virvoreanu-Laurentiu, Pixabay

    Amber is another common color. Amber-colored eyes in cats carry a reddish undertone, and common cat breeds with this color eyes are the Manx, Bengal, British Shorthair, and American Shorthair. There is conflicting information on whether amber is a rare eye color in cats, but some breeds are more prone to having the color than others.


    3. Green

    Green - eyed British Shorthair Golden Chinchilla
    Image Credit: yarm_sasha, Shutterstock

    Green is also not considered the most common eye color, but it’s still prevalent in a significant number of cat breeds. The green color is a result of a bit of pigment in the iris mixed with the scattering of light. While semi-common, it’s still somewhat rare for some cat breeds. The most common cat breeds with green eyes are the Russian Blue, Sphynx, Bombay, Egyptian Mau, Norwegian Forest, Abyssinian, and Oriental Shorthair.


    4. Blue

    Blue Tabby Point Ragdoll Cat
    Image Credit: cath5, Shutterstock

    All kittens will start out with blue eyes—it’s not until they reach 7 to 8 weeks of age before the permanent eye color kicks in. Remember, the more melanin in the iris, the darker the color of the eye. Kittens are born with no melanin at all, which gives them the beautiful, lighter hue of blue.

    For some cats, melanin is never present enough to change the color, so the eyes remain blue with a baby blue hue. Some cat breeds will always have blue eyes because they carry a feline albino mutation. While blue is typically not the most common eye color, it is for specific cat breeds, like the Siamese, Ragdoll, Himalayan, Birman, Turkish Angora, Persian, Balinese, Ojos Azules, Snowshoe, and Tonkinese.

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    What Are Considered “Rare” Eye Colors in Cats?

    There are two eye colors that are less frequent in cats: orange and copper. Copper is the darkest eye color you’ll see in cats and may carry tones of light brown, red, and orange—you may even see flecks of yellow and green.

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    Conclusion

    Cats have beautiful eyes, and sometimes, an unusual eye color may be caused by a medical condition. The amount of melanin in the iris determines eye color, and cats with “odd eyes” can see just fine, so there is no cause for alarm. However, if your cat’s eye(s) suddenly changes color, is swollen, red, producing a discharge, or if your cat paws and squints the eye, you must take your cat to the vet to determine the cause.


    Featured Image Credit: didsss, Pixabay

    Catster Editorial Team

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  • How to Restrain a Cat for Nail Clipping: Vet-Approved Safety Tips – Catster

    How to Restrain a Cat for Nail Clipping: Vet-Approved Safety Tips – Catster

    Whether you already know it or not, cats scratching things is an instinctive behavior. While their claws provide defense, they also allow cats to communicate with other felines in the area with visual and olfactory signals. That’s not an issue when it comes to the trees outside, but it’s another matter when it’s your couch that they’re digging their nails into. You have three plans of attack: You can put up barriers to keep your pet from destroying your stuff, you can try positive reinforcement training to get them to scratch appropriate things, or you can cut it off at the source—literally.

    Trimming your cat’s claws is an important part of cat ownership. Like the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), we don’t advocate declawing. Instead, we recommend trimming them. We understand if you’re wondering how to trim a cat’s nails that won’t let you. It’s not like they make it easy. However, our guide offers tips on ways to make the experience less dramatic for both of you.

    Before You Start

    The best way to make this task easier is to get your pet used to the process. That means handling them and their paws frequently so that they get used to it, preferably from a young age. You can also use every pet owner’s secret weapon: treats. Food has a remarkable way of making animals comfortable doing things they wouldn’t normally do. We suggest getting something special for this task, such as tuna, given the feline preference for it.

    Cats are naturally wary of new things in their environment. It’s helpful to get them used to the things you’re going to use to clip their nails before you start. Let them explore the clippers on their own time instead of yours. Also, understand that even the most docile pet may bite. Felines don’t like being restrained and will often fight it. Therefore, you may want to enlist a helper to help hold your cat or to run the clippers while you hold.

    man holdint cat nail trimmer
    Image Credit: Tatiana Foxy, Shutterstock

    The object of many of the items used for trimming a cat’s nails is to minimize injuries to you and your pet. It’s in everyone’s best interest to get the job done as quickly and safely as possible. The materials you may need include the following:

    • Large towel
    • Pheromone spray (optional)
    • Nail clipper
    • Styptic powder
    • Treats

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    How to Restrain a Cat for Nail Clipping

    1. Let Your Cat Sniff the Towel if Using One

    We equate curiosity with cats for a good reason. Breeds vary in how outgoing or shy they are. However, familiarity brings a certain comfort. That’s why we suggest letting your cat sniff the towel and clippers you’re going to use for a few days before you try to groom them. Novel objects may put an animal on the defense, so allow your pet to take their time and investigate things at their own pace.


    2. Apply Pheromone Spray to the Items

    For some cats, pheromone sprays can be calming in stressful situations. Being restrained for nail clipping  can undoubtedly qualify as one of those stressful situations. These products simulate pheromones a cat releases in comforting times, such as snuggling with their mother and littermates. It’s an olfactory all-is-well signal that may make this task more manageable and less stressful. Spray the items, area and your hands about 15 minutes before attempting nail trims.

    cat getting nails trimmed
    Image Credit: Vydrin, Shutterstock

    3. Wrap Your Pet in a Towel

    A thick towel will protect you from getting scratched. After all, there’s a good reason you’ve decided to clip your pet’s nails. Fold the towel in half lengthwise and lay it out on the floor or table. Starting at one end, wrap the towel snuggly around your cat’s body burrito-style. The head should be sticking out one end and unobscured so that your cat can breathe easily. This will keep their legs contained and give you control of their head at the same time. While you’re trimming their nails, hold your kitty close to your body. This can comfort a frightened pet and help things get done as quickly and safely as possible.


    4. Expose One Paw at a Time and Trim the Tip of the Nails

    Bring out one paw at a time. Your cat will likely instinctively extend their claws to grasp for something. Push each nail forward to expose the tip. Make sure to look for the quick (the red line extending about half the length of the claw) beforehand and only trim the tip where there is no quick. Trim small amounts until the nail is as short as you want it. Have the styptic powder ready if you happen to go too short and the nail starts to bleed.


    5. Reward Your Cat

    Reward your cat with a treat for their cooperation after clipping their first paw. This action builds a foundation for a positive association with this task. Your kitty still may object to being restrained the next time you do it, however, you’ll likely find there’s less drama once your pet realizes what lies at the end of the proverbial tunnel.

    woman positively training a cat with treats
    Image Credit: Andriy Blokhin, Shutterstock

    6. Speak Softly to Your Cat as You Switch Paws

    Speak softly to your pet while clipping their nails. Research has shown that cats find their owners’ presence comforting during stressful times. If someone is helping you, ensure you’re the one holding your kitty while the other person does the trimming.


    7. Remove the Towel and Finish With a Treat

    When you’re done, make sure to end on a positive note with another treat. Your cat likely has an escape on their mind. Something yummy may distract your pet and put the focus back on a good experience. You can leave the materials you used in the room so that your cat can come back and check them out again if they want.

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    Final Thoughts

    Nail clipping doesn’t have to be an ordeal for you and your cat every time you do it. Letting them get comfortable and used to the gear you’re going to use well before you start may really help you. Nurturing a positive association between nail trimming and treats is essential as it can help spare both you and your cat from injury. Hopefully, they’ll soon get used to the process and it won’t be such a hassle the next time.


    Featured Image Credit: Yimmyphotography, Shutterstock

    Chris Dinesen Rogers

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  • Snowshoe Cat Lifespan: How Long Do They Live? Average Lifespan Data & Facts – Catster

    Snowshoe Cat Lifespan: How Long Do They Live? Average Lifespan Data & Facts – Catster

    You may not be familiar with the Snowshoe cat, but it’s a breed that is a mix between Siamese and the American shorthair. These felines are sociable, fun, playful, and affectionate, but if you are considering adopting one, you should know how long they may be around so you know what you’re looking at commitment-wise. The Snowshoe cat lives 15–20 years.

    Many factors affect just how long a cat will live, though, such as health issues, proper diet, and more. Here’s a closer look at those factors and how you can enable your Snowshoe cat to live its longest, happiest life!

    Snowshoe Cat Average Lifespan

    As we said, the Snowshoe cat lives, on average, 15 to 20 years. Whether yours live to be on the higher end of that spectrum will depend on a few factors. You can help your kitty live as long as possible by properly caring for them.

    Snowshoe Cat
    Image Credit: Eric SonstroemFollow, Flickr

    How to Care for Your Snowshoe Cat for a Long Lifespan?

    Here’s how to care for your Snowshoe cat so they have as long a lifespan as possible!

    Feeding & Diet

    All felines are obligate carnivores, requiring meat to stay healthy. That means avoiding vegetarian options when it comes to cat food and instead feeding your pet high-quality food with high-quality protein. You also want to ensure that any cat food you get for your Snowshoe cat is complete and balanced according to AAFCO standards. Follow the recommended feeding guidelines on the bag for most healthy cats.  If you aren’t sure how much to feed or what food to feed your pet, check with your vet for recommendations. Fresh water should be available at all times.

    Environment

    Your cat’s environment can also affect how long your pet lives. Snowshoes make excellent pets for families because they adore being around people. They’ll even often get along with other animals in the home, provided those animals are friendly to felines. They’ll seek this companionship to stave off boredom and to stimulate their minds.

    You also need to ensure your pet has all their needs met, including having a clean litter box and toys, like scratching posts or cat trees, throughout the home. The scratching posts and cat trees are essential as cats need to scratch to keep their nails healthy and toys and cat trees can encourage exercise. Also, make sure they have a warm spot to go in cooler weather and a cool spot to go when the temperatures rise.

    Snowshoe Siamese in the garden
    Image Credit: Tawach, Shutterstock

    Care

    In terms of caring for your Snowshoe, other than feeding them a nutritious diet and keeping their litter box clean, you’ll need to engage in occasional grooming. This breed is fairly low-maintenance in that area, as they have short hair. Mostly, you’ll need to brush them a couple of times a week and keep their nails trimmed and ears clean, too.

    Also ensure that your Snowshoe gets daily exercise. This may be in the form of interactive play with you, with toys or by jumping and climbing on a cat tree. Since Snowshoes like the company of other animals, they may get exercise by playing with them as well.

    Breeding

    Genetics plays a key role in determining how long your cat will live. If you get your Snowshoe from a breeder, make sure the breeder is a reputable one. Ask questions about the cat’s family background, like whether the parents have been tested for common health issues. You also want to physically go to a breeder’s location so you can look at the conditions the cats are being kept in. If the breeder’s place isn’t clean or cats are crammed into small spaces together, find another breeder!

    Healthcare

    Snowshoe cats are a relatively healthy breed, but a few health issues may have been passed down by their parents. Taking your pet for routine vet visits is one of the best ways to keep them healthy, as these visits often catch issues early enough for treatment. Also, ensure that your kitty is up-to-date on all their vaccinations and has a good tick and flea prevention.

    Minor conditions include poor dental health and crossed eyes. Many Siamese are cross-eyed, so this can be passed to the Snowshoe. And many felines deal with dental disease (partly because brushing their teeth regularly can be a challenge).

    Other conditions to watch out for include cardiomyopathy, feline lower urinary tract diseases, and arterial thromboembolism.

    Snowshoe cat on the grass
    Image Credit: Anna Krivitskaya, Shutterstock

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    The Life Stages of a Snowshoe Cat

    There are four life stages for a Snowshoe cat.

    Kitten: 0–12 months

    The kitten stage is crucial for your pet when it comes to socialization, growth and development. This is when your kitty will learn how to interact with others, whether people or animals, and how to play in acceptable ways. This is also the stage where you can help your pet have a longer lifespan by getting them required vaccinations, feeding a high-quality kitten diet, and beginning them on flea and tick control.


    Young Adult: 1–6 years

    After your Snowshoe hits the age of one, they’re officially an adult (although a young one)! At this point, you should switch your pet from kitten food to adult food, so they keep getting the nutrients they need. You should also ensure your pet is getting plenty of daily exercise and keeping up with routine vet visits.

    close up of snowshoe siamese cat
    Image Credit: Pxhere

    Mature Adult: 7–10 years

    The mature adult stage is mostly just a continuation of the young adult stage, but by this point, your cat might be experiencing a health issue or two. Keep taking your kitty for routine vet visits to keep them healthy, and keep a closer eye on them so you notice signs of health problems if they occur.


    Senior: 10+ years

    You shouldn’t necessarily expect your Snowshoe to slow down in their senior years. Many healthy senior cats will still lead active lives. But this is a period where you need to monitor your kitty’s health more closely than ever to ensure any illness or disease that shows up will be caught earlier rather than later.

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    How to Tell Your Snowshoe Cat’s Age

    Unsure how old your Snowshoe is? There are a few ways you can determine their age (or an age range).

    • If your pet is still a kitten, check their weight. Up until about 6 months of age, kittens should gain about a pound for each month they’re alive. So, a kitten that is 3 months old should weigh about 3 pounds.
    • You can also check the kitty’s teeth to figure out their age. If a kitten has all their baby teeth, they’re 6-8 weeks old; if they have all their adult teeth, they’re at least 6-7 months old. Unsure which are baby and which are adult teeth? Ask your vet!
    • If you have an adult Snowshoe that you adopted or were gifted and don’t know their age, you’re best off having your vet check to determine how old they are.

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    With proper care, a Snowshoe cat will likely live between 15 and 20 years. If you want your kitty to live longer, you’ll need to properly care for them by feeding them a healthy diet, taking them for regular vet visits, and ensuring they’re in a happy and safe environment.


    Featured Image Credit: Aleksandar Nalbantjan, Shutterstock

    Misty Layne

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  • Can Cats Eat Lima Beans? Vet-Reviewed Precautions & Health Guidelines – Catster

    Can Cats Eat Lima Beans? Vet-Reviewed Precautions & Health Guidelines – Catster

    Beans are a popular staple throughout the world, used in many dishes, and enjoyed for their flavor and high protein content. While the most popular beans tend to be black beans, soybeans, and pinto beans, other beans do exist and are well-liked, like lima (or butter) beans. If you’re a fan of lima beans and cook with them often, you might wonder if these legumes are safe for your kitty.

    Can cats eat lima beans? The good news is that if your cat has recently snagged a lima bean or two from your meal, they should be absolutely fine. However, lima beans aren’t a wonderful addition to a cat’s diet for a few reasons. Read on to learn why.

    Are There Health Benefits to Giving Cats Lima Beans?

    There aren’t really any health benefits to feeding your cat lima beans. While this food is high in protein, it won’t really provide your pet with a boost of protein or nutrition. This is because felines are obligate carnivores meaning that they have dietary requirements that only meat can provide.

    fresh lima beans
    Image Credit: Lotus Images, Shutterstock

    Cats get most of the nutrients they need from meat and need to eat meat to survive. While Lima beans have protein, this doesn’t necessarily mean that the protein is useful to a cat, as this depends on digestibility.

    That doesn’t mean your cat might not enjoy the occasional lima bean as a treat (although chances are, they’ll be more likely to play with it than eat it). But there are some caveats to giving this food to your pet.

    Are There Drawbacks to Feeding Lima Beans to Cats?

    Too many Lima beans going through your cat’s system is likely to cause some gastrointestinal upset as their body struggles to process them. In addition, if your cat fills up on Lima beans they are less likely to eat more nutritious foods which could lead to nutritional deficiencies over time.

    Important Things to Know About Lima Beans

    While cooked lima beans are not toxic to your kitty if they grab one off your plate, raw and uncooked ones are. Uncooked lima beans contain something called linamarin; when eaten by humans it turns to cyanide which is very toxic. For this reason uncooked lima beans are considered toxic to cats although no studies exist.

    While chances are your cat probably wouldn’t eat enough uncooked lima beans to cause anything other than stomach upset, there’s still a possibility cyanide poisoning could occur. Cyanide poisoning in animals can show up as restlessness, rapid breathing and drooling. It is vital to get your pet to the vet if your cat is unwell.

    So, never feed raw lima beans to your pet. But when cooking them, remember that beans should be plain with no seasonings. Some seasonings, like onion and garlic, are toxic to our pets, while other seasonings will simply cause stomach upset.

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    Final Thoughts

    While you shouldn’t be alarmed if your cat steals a lima bean or two from your dinner plate, there are really no nutritional benefits to feeding lima beans to your cat. While cooked lima beans are unlikely to cause problems in very small quantities, you should be careful when giving them this food. Lima beans should always be cooked, as uncooked beans are probably toxic, and should always be plain to avoid toxic seasonings. As long as you follow those guidelines, though, your cat should be fine.


    Featured Image Credit: Alvaro German Vilela, Shutterstock

    Misty Layne

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