Without a doubt, career and technical education (CTE) is priceless for high school students wanting to get real-world, hands-on job skills before they graduate and turn their interests into career paths. Increased support for CTE programs at the federal and state levels, coupled with evolving technology and new research-led learning approaches, has placed CTE programs on center stage for 2026.
There is growing evidence that CTE functions as an early talent pipeline for employers, not just a preparation program. It is with certainty, employers value CTE experience, actively hire participants, and see partnerships with CTE programs as a way to build a skilled workforce aligned to real business needs. As a result, states and employers are increasingly integrating CTE into broader workforce and talent development strategies.
Here are six CTE trends to watch in 2026.
1. AI literacy becomes a baseline (for entry-level jobs). Practical exercises using AI tools will be essential in pathways like IT, engineering, and manufacturing, but not only those educational focuses.
2. CTE programs increasingly align with national reindustrialization. Skilled workforce/trades are viable options to improve economic viability. Plus, many high-demand and high-paying careers now prioritize specialized skills, certifications, and hands-on experience over a general academic degree.
3. Enhanced employability. Today’s companies value durable skills like critical thinking, communication, and collaboration just as much as–or even more than–technical skills. Look for more CTE programs to focus on these skills, and online learning platforms like KnoPro to sharpen these interpersonal and behavioral qualities essential for workplace success.
4. Alumni trajectories. CTE providers will see an increased value in alumni trajectory studies that track graduates’ success in careers and further education, showing they often have higher graduation rates, better wages, and smooth transitions to work or college programs.
5. Work-based learning (WBL) expansion. While fewerhiring managers think high school graduates are ready for the workforce. More states are incorporating WBL standards into their graduation requirements. Look for more students to take advantage of comprehensive job shadowing, worksite tours and internships to build skills, social capital, and informed career choices.
6. Dual enrollment and industry certifications on the rise. It’s no secret that dual enrollment is experiencing significant growth in American high schools, where students are earning college credits and industry-recognized credentials to accelerate their path to the workforce or a degree. Also, look for more students earning industry certifications to gain specialized skills, improve employability, and potentially increase wages and lower college debt.
Dirk Butler, NAF
Dirk Butler is NAF’s Chief Program Officer. NAF is a national education non-profit that brings schools and businesses together to better prepare students of all backgrounds. NAF helps students explore career options, create a plan for the future, and take part in hands-on, work-based learning unlike anything traditional public education systems can offer. NAF puts students on a path to achieving their full potential. During the 2024-25 school year, over 112,000 students attended over 600 NAF academies across 34 states and territories.
Latest posts by eSchool Media Contributors (see all)
Several years ago, Jared Cooney Horvath’s interest in teaching took a scientific turn.
He entered teaching during a period he calls “the decade of the brain” — when much of the buzz around education and learning covered new theories about brain activity and information processing. Horvath believed that if he learned more about the brain, he’d become a better teacher.
Jared Cooney Horvath
But the education ideas that captured the popular imagination in the early 2000s had to do with catering to so-called learning styles — right- versus left-brain thinkers or visual versus word learners — and notions about how to hasten cognitive development through certain outside stimuli. Remember those moms-to-be with headphones on their bellies for their babies to experience the “Mozart Effect” in utero?
Yet the science of learning persists. And what Horvath — today a neuroscientist and education consultant — now knows about human cognitive development has spurred him to join a cohort of researchers who are questioning the proliferation of technology and education software in schools.
His new book “The Digital Delusion” feels like a logical progression from Jonathan Haidt’s 2024 bestseller “The Anxious Generation,” which looked at how hours spent in front of screens, especially on social media, with its rapid-fire videos and toxic commentary, has damaged children’s overall mental health and learning.
In “Digital Delusion,” Horvath outlines research showing how digital devices and screen time, at the expense of playtime, interferes with children’s cognitive development. Then he argues how the ubiquitous use in schools of laptops and edtech, at the expense of traditional skills like handwriting and note-taking, alters, for the worse, how kids learn.
Horvath takes a pragmatic approach on that score, suggesting arguments parents can use with administrators and at school board meetings. He has chapters that include examples of letters and other tools parents can customize to mobilize action at state and federal levels.
Some educators maintain that schools should emphasize responsible use of technology, including AI, to prepare students for a technology-driven workforce. Horvath isn’t convinced. First, he argues, workforce preparation should not be education’s priority, particularly in younger grades. Second, it’s inefficient: “Teach someone to use a tool and they’ll be able to use that tool,” he writes. “Teach someone how to think and they’ll be able to use any tool.”
Even so, Horvath insists he isn’t anti-tech: “This isn’t a book about resisting devices,” he writes. “It’s a book about reclaiming education as a deeply human endeavor.”
EdSurge spoke with Horvath about “The Digital Delusion” and his work with schools around the globe, including in Australia, which at the end of last year banned social media for anyone under 16.
This interview has been edited for length and clarity.
EdSurge: You make the point that whenever a new technology is introduced to a culture, early adopters are the enthusiasts. But for any given technology to have broad acceptance, it must pass muster with skeptics. Yet that didn’t really happen with digital technology in schools, did it?
Horvath: If I invented something, I had to convince you. This [product] will get rid of that stain on your shirt. This will keep your iceberg lettuce crisp in the fridge. If you promised something you had to live up to it, because for the few people who adopted it to begin with, if you didn’t clean their stains, they’re not coming back.
Digital technology never made a claim to anything. It just kind of appeared and people just started using it. When AI came out, the developers flat-out said, we don’t know what this does. Why don’t you guys tell us what it does? And for some reason we shoved it into schools and said, instead of me telling you what it does, why don’t I let my kids tell you what it does?
Something very weird happened where they made no claims to efficacy and then we jumped in and started using it. Our job now is to start to pull some of those weeds rather than protect before planting. And unfortunately that means there’s been a lot of victims along the way.
A lot of kids have suffered due to our rush to just put things in their hands, unfortunately.
I think we have this love affair with digital technology. I don’t know if it’s because of sci-fi or “Star Trek” or what. We intuitively think this is going to be helpful.
And now we’re just scrambling back.
You explain that children need to play for optimum cognitive development, but ordinary childhood play and behavior has been disrupted by screens. Is there evidence that if we take the technology away from children whose brains are still forming that they can bounce back?
Yes, absolutely. The good thing about human biology is it is wickedly malleable.
There’s two aspects to keep in mind. One, biology is also wickedly conservative. It changes all the time, but it never forgets anything. So if you have had a habit at one point and you drop that habit, you can move your biology a different way, but if you come back to that habit even once, your biology will have held onto that entire circuit. It’s a survival mechanism. Our genes, our brain, hold everything.
So when it comes to these tech habits, if you’ve already formed them as a kid, they will always kind of be there. If you think, I’m over this, and you pick up your phone, you will move much faster back into that habit than you did before.
The other thing to recognize here is everything we know about learning, and most of what we know about biology, basically starts after the age of 5. That’s when what we call human biological learning mechanisms really kick in.
From birth to about 5, you’re in a totally different world. The brain is basically in input mode. Gimme, gimme, gimme. And I’m going to hold onto everything. This is why if a kid grows up in a house with two languages, they will easily learn two languages because the brain just says gimme, gimme, gimme.
So that’s where I think the super danger zone comes in. If you develop habits or problems before the age of 5, when you hit 5, the brain locks itself down. You won’t be able to consciously remember what happened before the age of 5, but all of that [input] forms the foundation upon which further learning is going to occur.
My fear is if you form a habit before the age of 5 and then your brain locks down, are you now stuck in a spot where it will be very hard to get that out? If you’ve already addicted your kid before age 5, be careful. I don’t know what that’s going to mean when they get older.
Why? My question is just why? There are a lot of states right now putting forward bills to limit screen time in primary years: K through [grade] 2, 90 minutes; [grades] 2 through 5, two hours a day. To which I always reply, why any hours?
I could easily make a case they don’t need any of this at any moment. It makes no sense for learning and development why [technology] needs to interface with anything they’re doing.
But by banning, aren’t we setting up a mystique around technology — causing a different kind of distraction around the yearning to use it?
That’s what you want. By banning and building a mystique, you give kids aspirations. I think back to my generation, when we turned 16, you couldn’t stop us from driving. Why? Because with our parents, that was the hold: you want to go to your friend’s house? You got a bike, you got feet, I’m not driving you. You want to get to school? There’s a bus, you got feet, I’m not driving you. So by the time we knew we could drive, that’s the first thing we did.
If by banning tech, that makes kids say when I’m 18, I’m using tech — then, good, that means I have 18 years to train you to be ready to use that machine.
Can schools realistically go back to paper? Textbooks, for instance, are expensive and take longer to update than websites, which are dynamic.
It’s funny, this is where you get the clash between different masters. In a good rule of thumb you can only serve one master at a time. So we’ve got issues of, I want my kids to learn, but I have monetary constraints and I have administrative bureaucracy that I’ve got to wend my way through.
When you’ve got multiple masters, eventually you’ve got to settle on one because if you try and serve many, no one’s going to be happy. And I would hope that in education we choose learning as our ultimate master. If that means, look, we have to devote more of our budget to textbooks and that means we won’t be able to do X this year, then so be it.
If that means, look, we’re going to only use the website for the last two years of history, but we’re going to have the book for the rest because it’s better for learning, then so be it.
Can you explain the findings around taking notes by hand?
Most students think note-taking is something they do while they learn. So [they think] if AI does it for me — cool! But they miss the point. Note-taking is the learning, not something that’s happening in parallel to learning. That is the learning. Because that’s where you’re doing your transformation: Your teacher said it. I now have to analyze it, think about it, organize it, get it out.
That requires friction. Your brain is going much faster. So the handwriting is constraining the speed with which you can think, which in turn is forcing you to focus on ideas, which in turn is transforming those ideas as you’re going along.
That is the definition of learning.
The act of handwriting is arguably the most complex thing we do. When it comes to motor skills, there might be nothing more complex than that.
We talk about the difference between gross- and fine-motor movements. Name one skill we do that is so minutely fine as handwriting and so varied as handwriting. If you’re using a pen versus a pencil versus a crayon versus a marker, you’re doing very subtly different movements.
Those develop so much more awareness and understanding of the body in a way that then translates into other fields in ways we’ve never seen from any other skill before.
If you know how to write, you will become better at reading. If you know how to write, you will become better at recognizing faces. Why? We don’t know. But everything seems to be correlated back to that skill.
So when people debate [whether] handwriting is still worth teaching? Of course. Is cursive still worth teaching? Of course. No one’s going to use cursive as an adult. That’s not why we’re teaching it, baby. It has nothing to do with what you’re going to do as an adult. ’
You were just in Australia. What is the feedback from the social media ban?
The response is overwhelmingly positive. Basically every school I worked at, the kids are fine with it. Teachers are fine with it. All of a sudden, behaviors are getting so much better in school. They said the biggest problem is with parents, oddly enough, who basically have to hang out with their kids and they don’t know what to do. If that’s our biggest problem, we’ll solve that. Hang out with your kid.
Any time you remove something from your kid’s heart, you’re going to have to fill it with something else. You’re going to have to fill it with yourself, which means you’re going to have to take some of your own tech out of your own life to devote more of your time to your kid.
Last year, after finally publishing a paper I had been working on for months, I did something I had never done before: I printed it out, added a QR code linking to the open-access version and taped it to the outside of my office door.
It felt strange at first. Was I showing off? Would anyone care? But within a few days, a student stopped by and said, “Hey, I saw your paper, congrats! I wondered if this could be a theme for my thesis.” That conversation reminded me of why I became a scientist in the first place: to share the joy of discovering new things.
In academia, we often share our achievements online. Social media has become a common place to announce new papers and celebrate milestones. But there’s a difference between digital sharing and physical presence. A tweet can travel far, but it cannot spark a spontaneous conversation in the hallway. Conferences offer in-person engagement, but they are infrequent and often exclusive or too busy. Hanging a paper on your office door? That’s immediate, local and quietly powerful. It is a symbolic gesture that brings your research into the physical space of the university, something rarely done in today’s digital culture.
We also live in an age when our work, mainly publicly funded science, is under increasing scrutiny. While the broader public might not be strolling through university hallways, our colleagues, students and visitors are. Making our research visible to them is a subtle but meaningful act of responsibility. It reminds us that, as scientists, we are not just scholars: We are also stewards of public trust and investment.
Hanging a paper on a door is a small gesture. But it’s a visible one. It says: Here’s what I’ve been working on. This is how your investment in science is paying off. It’s not about boasting; it’s about transparency, accessibility and maybe even a bit of joy.
And yet, this simple gesture can feel surprisingly loaded. Many of us may hesitate. It might come across as self-promotional or draw unwanted judgment. These anxieties run deep in academic culture, where humility is expected and visibility can feel like a risk. But maybe it’s time to challenge that assumption. What if, instead of viewing it as showing off, we saw it as showing up? And if we approach it intentionally, there are ways to make the gesture more inviting than intimidating, ways that could help shift the culture without feeling performative.
Here’s a more innovative way to do it: include a QR code that links to the full text of your paper, a press release or even a short video summary for a general audience. Make it easy for anyone—students, colleagues or visitors—to dive in. Rotate papers quarterly or at least at the end of each semester. Not only does this keep things fresh, but it also turns the ritual into a routine. It becomes just another way to reflect on and share progress. And use the door as a conversation starter. Add a short note beside the paper: “Curious? Let’s talk!”
Science doesn’t need to hide behind paywalls or institutional walls. The more we share, the more we invite engagement, collaboration and understanding. Posting a paper on your door may not change the world, but it might change the hallway. And that’s a start.
So next time you publish, consider skipping the humble silence. Print the paper. Add a QR code. Tape it up. You never know who might stop by.
Alan Crivellaro is a researcher at the Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences at the University of Torino. His work focuses on plant science and wood anatomy, and he is passionate about interdisciplinary, transparent and bottom-up research practices.
This audio is auto-generated. Please let us know if you have feedback.
Dive Brief:
The University of Iowa aims to cut six undergraduate academic programs and a master’s program after performing a state-mandated review for low-enrollment fields, leaders told the Iowa Board of Regents Wednesday.
The programs include bachelor’s degrees in women’s studies, applied physics and three language programs, as well as bachelor’s and master’s degrees in African American studies.
UI Provost Kevin Kregel said the institution plans to seek formal approval of the cuts at an April board meeting. Officials at Iowa State University and University of Northern Iowa also shared plans to request program cuts in the future through their own review processes.
Dive Insight:
In a presentation to regents Wednesday, Kregel pointed to declining or “consistently” low enrollment in the degree programs officials are looking to close, all of which are housed in the university’s liberal arts and sciences college.
Each program’s current enrollment falls well below the thresholds of over 25 students for undergraduate programs and over 10 for graduate programs, both set in a November regents report on workforce alignment last year.
The university’s Russian program, for instance, had 10 students enrolled as majors, while its African American Studies bachelor’s degree had nine. The African American World Studies master’s degree had no students.
However, that doesn’t necessarily mean instructors are teaching to empty classrooms. Most courses in UI’s African American undergraduate program, for example, double as classes in other programs, such as history or music.
At UI, leaders aren’t cutting everything with low enrollment. In the November report, the university had identified 29 programs — 13 undergraduate and 16 graduate — that fell below the minimum thresholds.
Along with considering things like workforce alignment and licensure requirements, officials have made other allowances. The religious studies department, for example, will combine with the university’s classics program by Fall 2026, Kregel said, adding that officials want to give the combined major a chance for success.
UI’s French major initially had enrollment below the threshold but has increased its students to more than 30.
“The faculty in that program were really engaged and have been over the last year able to increase their major numbers,” Kregel said. “We are going to make sure that they have the opportunity to continue to grow.
The university is also trying to account for student interest by keeping courses in certain fields and offering minors. UI plans to continue offering minors in African American and women’s studies, Kregel said. However, it will seek to shutter the programs’ corresponding departments — African American Studies and Gender, Women’s, and Sexuality Studies — at the end of the current academic year, pending board approval.
Iowa’s other public universities are undergoing a similar process.
Iowa State Provost Jason Keith said at the meeting his institution is currently working with faculty through shared governance processes to determine which programs to eliminate or consolidate with others. The university plans to request regents’ approval for program closures down the road, he said.
University of Northern Iowa, meanwhile, has already recently decided to merge or terminate nine programs, José Herrera, the university’s provost, told regents Wednesday. It’s currently designing a process for either eliminating or boosting the enrollment for programs that fall below regents’ thresholds.
Iowa is on a growing list of states — including Indiana, Ohio, Oklahoma and Florida — that are cutting programs based on low enrollment or graduation levels.
In both Ohio and Indiana, lawmakers last year passed laws directly requiring elimination for those programs that fall under thresholds for graduating a certain number of students in a specified timeframe. Those laws have already led to numerous eliminations.
35+ Office Etiquette Mistakes That Might Be Sabotaging Your Work Environment
If office etiquette sounds like an outdated concept to you, it is probably because you haven’t realized just how important it is to maintain a successful organization. While the modern workplace is more casual, with strict dress codes enforced by only 4.3% of employers, there are still expectations for how employees must conduct themselves. In fact, as work environments become more diverse, ranging from on-site to completely or partially virtual, the unspoken rules of work etiquette become increasingly difficult to keep track of.
However, the consequences of poor office etiquette cannot be ignored. Failures in communication, uncomfortable interactions, and disengaged teams are often the result of unclear or inconsistent workplace etiquette standards. The good news is that these issues are not inevitable. With the right training approach, organizations can prevent common office etiquette mistakes and foster a culture of professionalism, respect, and collaboration.
In this article, we will explore the most common office etiquette failures seen in the workplace and explain how training can help employees develop better work etiquette across roles and work environments.
In this article…
What Is Office Etiquette In The Workplace?
Office etiquette refers to the set of expected behaviors, communication norms, and professional conduct standards that guide how employees interact with one another at work. It encompasses the physical as well as the virtual workplace.
While it includes a wide range of elements, at its core, office etiquette is about:
Respectful communication
Awareness of professional boundaries
Consideration for shared spaces and time
Appropriate behavior in meetings and digital interactions
Most importantly, office etiquette is not about rigid rules or outdated formalities. It is about facilitating smooth collaboration, reducing friction, and creating an environment where people can work together productively.
Why Do Employees Struggle With Workplace Etiquette?
Many organizations assume that employees naturally understand professional behavior. However, the truth is that office etiquette rules are often informal and thus not clearly documented. New hires are rarely taught work etiquette but are rather expected to pick it up over time. Several factors make this increasingly difficult:
Common sense rules are objective. What may seem natural and obvious to one employee, another may view as ambiguous.
Hybrid and remote work models blur traditional office norms.
Digital communication tools remove tone and context, making misunderstandings more likely.
Cultural and generational diversity introduces different expectations.
Lack of onboarding focus on behavioral standards.
Fear of giving feedback on etiquette-related issues to prevent offending employees.
Without training, employees are left to interpret office etiquette rules on their own. This leads to inconsistent behavior, as well as misunderstandings and conflicts that could easily be prevented.
Common Office Etiquette Mistakes In The Workplace
Missteps in work etiquette can manifest in multiple ways. Let’s explore the most common of them and how these impact collaboration and communication within your organization.
Poor Workplace Communication
One of the most common office etiquette mistakes involves how employees communicate with one another. If employees don’t pay careful attention to their tone and context, even well-intentioned messages can come across as dismissive, rude, or unprofessional. Here are some of the most common communication-related mistakes that may occur:
Interrupting colleagues during conversations or meetings. This can signal a lack of respect for their opinions.
Using overly casual or abrupt language in professional emails. This may undermine the seriousness of the message.
Ignoring messages or failing to respond in a timely manner, leading to frustration and confusion among team members.
Copying unnecessary recipients on emails, which may clutter inboxes and dilute the importance of the message.
Providing feedback publicly instead of privately. This behavior may embarrass the recipient and damage team dynamics.
Using jargon or overly complex language can alienate or confuse recipients, particularly those unfamiliar with the terms.
Engaging in side conversations during meetings, which can detract from the discussion and make others feel marginalized.
Sending emails late at night or on weekends. This is a clear disruption of work-life balance and may set unrealistic expectations for responsiveness.
Neglecting to follow up on important conversations or agreements, leading to miscommunication and potential issues down the line.
In digital environments, these communication issues can become even more pronounced, as employees rely more heavily on the written word and have fewer opportunities to resolve misunderstandings. For example, sending short, emoji-filled, poorly worded messages or comments that can easily be misinterpreted is more likely to happen for hybrid or remote teams. Being mindful of how we communicate can foster a more respectful, efficient, and productive workplace.
Inappropriate Behavior In Meetings
Meetings are a frequent “crime scene” for work etiquette problems, whether they occur in person or virtually. This may be due to employees from different departments coming together or failing to set clear expectations. Issues like these can lead to various meeting etiquette mistakes, such as the following:
Entering late or leaving early without explanation. This not only disrupts the flow of the meeting but also shows a lack of respect for other participants’ time.
Attending meetings unprepared. Coming to a meeting without reviewing the agenda or necessary materials can lead to unproductive discussions and decisions.
Multitasking during discussions. Becoming distracted with emails or other tasks while in a meeting prevents full engagement and can lead to missed information.
Monopolizing conversations or interrupting others. This behavior can stifle contributions from quieter team members and create an unbalanced dynamic.
Failing to engage remote participants. Ignoring those who are joining virtually can make them feel isolated and undervalued.
Neglecting to summarize key takeaways and action items. Concluding without a recap can lead to misunderstandings and missed responsibilities.
Using inappropriate or unprofessional language. Casual or offensive language can detract from the professionalism expected in a work setting.
Failing to check technology ahead of time. Technical issues can disrupt the flow of virtual meetings, so it’s important to ensure all equipment is functioning beforehand.
Not allowing for questions or feedback. Every participant should have the opportunity to voice their thoughts and ask clarifying questions.
These behaviors may seem minor, but when they accumulate over time, they can erode trust, waste time, and frustrate team members. It’s crucial to establish clear guidelines to facilitate effective communication and collaboration, ensuring meetings are as productive as possible.
Disregard For Personal And Professional Boundaries
Respecting boundaries is a critical aspect of workplace etiquette and can have a significant impact on employee retention and satisfaction. However, it’s not uncommon for employees to unintentionally cross lines, especially in informal or fast-paced environments. Let’s look at some examples of boundary-related office etiquette mistakes:
Oversharing personal information at work. This can make colleagues uncomfortable and blur professional lines.
Making jokes that others may find uncomfortable. Humor is subjective, and what seems funny to one person might be offensive to another.
Commenting on appearance or personal choices. Statements about someone’s looks, clothing, or lifestyle can be intrusive and inappropriate.
Invading a colleague’s physical or digital personal space. This may include standing too close during conversations or accessing someone’s computer or files without permission.
Micromanaging or monitoring excessively. This can lead to feelings of distrust and can overstep the boundaries that define a professional relationship.
Assuming familiarity too quickly. Building relationships takes time, and presuming a level of closeness before it exists can make others uncomfortable.
Discussing sensitive topics like politics or religion. Such conversations can lead to conflict and should be approached with caution and respect.
Considering that boundaries vary by culture, personality, and role, employees shouldn’t rely on assumptions. Employees can engage in training that provides them with context-driven examples to help them recognize inappropriate behavior and respond more thoughtfully in diverse work environments. This way, they can recognize and respect their colleagues’ boundaries, fostering a healthier work environment where everyone feels comfortable and valued.
Poor Digital And Remote Work Etiquette
As remote and hybrid work becomes more and more popular across organizations, digital workplace etiquette has become just as important as in-office behavior. However, many employees have never received guidance on how to behave professionally in virtual environments. As a result, the digital etiquette mistakes below may emerge:
Expecting immediate responses outside working hours due to the concept of “constant connectivity.” This can create pressure and disrupt work-life balance for colleagues.
Overusing instant messaging for complex discussions. Text-based communications can lead to misunderstandings and a lack of clarity, making it better to opt for a call or video meeting for intricate subjects.
Failing to document decisions made in meetings, which may create confusion and misunderstandings down the line.
Ignoring asynchronous collaboration norms. Failing to acknowledge different work schedules can lead to miscommunication and stalled projects.
Neglecting to mute when not speaking. Background noise can be disruptive, so participants should remember to mute their microphones to maintain focus and clarity.
Overloading others with excessive meeting invitations. Frequent meetings can lead to “Zoom fatigue,” so it’s important to determine whether a meeting is truly necessary.
These behaviors often lead to burnout, confusion, and frustration. Appropriate training on remote work etiquette can help establish shared expectations for digital communication, reinforcing habits that respect time, focus, and boundaries.
Unprofessional Appearance And Shared Space Behavior
As we mentioned earlier, dress codes have become more flexible in many organizations. However, appearance and workplace behavior still play significant roles in shaping perceptions of professionalism. To foster a conducive work environment, it’s essential to be aware of these common office etiquette mistakes:
Dressing in a way that does not align with workplace norms. It’s important to understand the company’s dress policy, e.g., business formal, casual, or something in between, and dress accordingly.
Leaving shared spaces untidy. Ensuring that communal areas, such as kitchens, meeting rooms, and lounge spaces, are kept clean shows respect for colleagues and helps maintain a pleasant work environment.
Creating excessive noise. Being mindful of noise levels, whether through speaking too loudly or playing music, helps maintain a productive atmosphere for everyone.
Disregarding cleanliness or safety guidelines. Adhering to health and safety protocols is essential for creating a safe workspace. This includes keeping workstations organized and following any relevant guidelines.
Gossiping or speaking negatively about coworkers. Such behavior can create a toxic atmosphere and damage workplace relationships and morale.
Clear guidance and relevant examples help employees understand what “professional” looks and sounds like in their specific organizational context, rather than relying on vague or outdated standards. Providing ongoing training and feedback can reinforce these expectations and foster a culture of professionalism throughout the workplace.
How Does Poor Office Etiquette Impact Organizations?
Office etiquette issues may seem minor, but they can have significant repercussions for an organization in areas such as productivity, innovation, efficiency, and profitability. Poor workplace etiquette often leads to conflict and misunderstandings, stemming from interruptions, inappropriate communication styles, and a lack of personal boundaries. And the worst thing is that what begins as a small issue can easily escalate into larger disputes, creating a toxic work environment.
Moreover, a lack of respect and courtesy can lead to decreased employee engagement and morale. This disengagement can manifest as reduced productivity, as employees who don’t feel valued are less likely to go above and beyond in their roles. Over time, this can create a cycle of reduced productivity and performance, further impacting the workplace culture. This is due to the fact that effective teamwork relies on respectful communication. As a result, a breakdown in etiquette can stifle collaboration and creativity, resulting in reluctance to share knowledge and, thus, missed opportunities for growth.
Additionally, poor office etiquette can put extra weight on the HR department, which will have to deal with increased complaints. This will ultimately foster a culture of distrust, which will damage the employer’s brand and reputation, making it harder to attract top talent and contributing to high turnover. Overall, the implications of poor office etiquette can extend to all aspects of an organization, making it essential to address these challenges through targeted training and policies to promote a culture of respect and collaboration.
How To Prevent Office Etiquette Issues With Training
Office etiquette is not an innate skill—it can be taught, practiced, and reinforced. Training plays a crucial role in making behavioral expectations clear and easy to follow for employees. Embed work etiquette into your organization’s onboarding and continuous learning initiatives to ensure its effective development among your employees.
Effective office etiquette training helps employees to:
Understand behavioral expectations.
Recognize how their actions affect others.
Apply etiquette rules in real-world situations.
Adjust their behavior to fit different contexts.
For office etiquette training to be effective, it is essential to include the following elements:
Scenario-based learning
Realistic workplace examples
Role-specific guidance
Ongoing reinforcement rather than one-time sessions
Integrating multiple practice opportunities into your training sessions ensures that your employees understand all office etiquette rules and are able to apply them in their everyday professional interactions.
Turning Office Etiquette Into A Workplace Skill
Modern workplaces require flexibility, not rigid rule-following. Office etiquette training today is much more than a list of soft skills employees must develop. It is actually an ever-changing code of conduct that must account for hybrid and remote work models, global and multicultural teams, as well as rapidly evolving communication tools. Therefore, instead of giving employees a long list of dos and don’ts, training should focus on fostering judgment, empathy, and adaptability. This approach helps employees navigate unfamiliar situations while still remaining aligned with organizational values and expectations.
When implemented correctly by all employees, office etiquette enables respectful and effective collaboration. Clarifying behavioral expectations and supporting them through training makes work etiquette a shared responsibility rather than a source of conflict. On the contrary, when employees lack guidance on workplace etiquette, misunderstandings and frustration are inevitable.
FAQs About Office Etiquette And Training
Common office etiquette mistakes include poor communication, inappropriate meeting behavior, lack of respect for boundaries, weak digital etiquette, and unprofessional use of shared spaces.
Office etiquette supports collaboration, reduces conflict, and helps create a respectful work environment. It directly impacts employee engagement, productivity, and organizational culture.
Yes. Office etiquette is a behavioral skill that can be taught using scenario-based learning, real-world examples, and ongoing reinforcement through training programs.
Remote work changes how etiquette is expressed, especially in communication and availability. Clear digital workplace etiquette training helps prevent misunderstandings and burnout.
Office etiquette training is most effective when introduced during onboarding and reinforced regularly through refreshers, leadership modeling, and continuous learning initiatives.
Help students build confidence with poetry using this free diamante poem bundle. These printables walk students through the seven-line structure of a diamante poem while encouraging them to think critically about relationships, opposites, and descriptive vocabulary.
FREE PRINTABLES
Diamante Poem Worksheets
Our diamante poem printables are perfect for teaching how to write poetry in a fun and creative way! Just fill out the form on this page to get yours.
We Are Teachers
Inside the Free Diamante Poem Bundle
Adrienne Hathaway for We Are Teachers
These diamante poem worksheets help students practice synonyms, antonyms, and parts of speech by building a seven-line diamond-shaped poem using nouns, adjectives, and “-ing” verbs.
We Are Teachers
Blank Diamante Poem Template, Version 1
This printable helps students understand the basic structure of a diamante poem by guiding them through each of the seven lines. Students experiment with nouns, adjectives, and verbs as they build their own diamond-shaped poem.
We Are Teachers
Blank Diamante Poem Template, Version 2
With a clear diamond-shaped border, this version helps students visualize the structure of a diamante poem. Students focus on word choice and sentence structure as they complete each line.
We Are Teachers
Parts of Speech Diamante Poem
Designed to support grammar skills, this template helps students strengthen their understanding of parts of speech by selecting and placing nouns, adjectives, and verbs on specific lines.
We Are Teachers
Synonym Diamante Poem
Students use this template to explore how similar words can be used creatively within a poem. It encourages them to notice subtle differences in meaning and experiment with word choice.
We Are Teachers
Antonym Diamante Poem
Focused on contrast, this template helps students practice using opposite words to deepen meaning. Students explore how antonyms can highlight differences within the diamante structure.
How To Use the Diamante Poem Worksheets
Designed for flexible classroom use, these diamante poem worksheets are great for:
Introducing poetry structures in upper elementary ELA
Vocabulary and descriptive language practice
Grammar review (nouns, verbs, adjectives)
Exploring opposites, synonyms, and contrasting ideas
Writing centers, small groups, or independent work
Early finisher activities or low-prep sub plans
Whole-class modeling, partner writing, or creative writing warm-ups
Skills Covered
The worksheets help students build strong poetry and language skills by combining structure, word choice, and grammar in one simple, creative format. Students practice:
Poetry structure and form
Vocabulary development
Descriptive language
Parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives)
Creative writing
Reading and writing comprehension
Why Teachers Love It
These diamante poem worksheets take the pressure out of teaching poetry while still encouraging creativity and thoughtful writing. The simple format gives students just enough structure to feel supported without limiting their ideas.
Get your free diamante poem printables!
We Are Teachers
Looking for a simple, no-prep way to introduce poetry in your classroom? Fill out the form on this page to receive your free diamante poem worksheet bundle and start writing right away.
A history professor in California won a federal court ruling Friday that temporarily blocks local community college officials from enforcing diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility regulations against him over his scholarship or classroom instruction.
Daymon Johnson, who works at Bakersfield College, is challenging California regulations stating that faculty members should employ teaching practices that reflect DEIA principles. He alleged these regulations violate his First Amendment rights by potentially forcing him to express viewpoints that he disagrees with.
U.S. District Judge Kirk Sherriff agreed, writing that Johnson “credibly identified specific speech that he reasonably fears would be proscribed by the DEIA regulations.” However, Sheriff declined to block community college officials from requiring Johnson to complete DEIA training to serve on faculty screening committees.
Dive Insight:
In early 2023, the California Community College system amended regulations governing employee reviews to say that faculty members should “employ teaching, learning, and professional practices that reflect DEIA and anti-racist principles.” It also tied evaluation of employees to “DEIA-related competencies.”
Johnson sued shortly afterward, though Sheriff initially dismissed his case over a lack of standing. But Johnson brought his case to the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which revived some of his claims and remanded the case to the lower court.
In Friday’s ruling, Sherriff temporarily blocked Bakersfield College and Kern Community College District from enforcing the regulations over Johnson’s “scholarship or teaching.” Officials are also barred from applying to Johnson’s speech as a private citizen or his role as the faculty lead of the Renegade Institute for Liberty, a coalition of Bakersfield faculty that says it promotes free markets, civil discourse and intellectual diversity.
The Institute for Free Speech, which is representing Johnson, praised the decision.
“The First Amendment forbids California from demanding that community college professors conform their speech to an official government ideology — including so-called ‘DEI’ and anti-racist ideologies,” Alan Gura, lead counsel for Johnson, said in a statement this week.
Johnson is not the only professor who has sued over the regulations.
In August 2023, six professors sued the leaders of the California Community Colleges system, alleging the new policies violate their free speech rights and asking the judge overseeing the case to declare the regulations unconstitutional.
Sheriff, who also oversaw that case, dismissed their lawsuit in early 2025, ruling that the provisions didn’t mandate “what professors teach or how any such DEIA principles should be implemented.”
The Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, a free speech group that represented those plaintiffs, said the lawsuit had achieved its intended outcome by spurring community college officials to promise they wouldn’t use the regulations to censor classroom instruction.
“As a result of our suit, the state and the district promised a federal judge they won’t interfere with our clients’ academic freedom and free speech rights,” FIRE attorney Daniel Ortner said in a statement at the time.
However, FIRE attorney Zach Silver added that the organization would be “watching like a hawk” to ensure they kept their word.
In a statement to the Crimson, Harvard’s student newspaper, Summers said the decision was “difficult” and that he was “grateful to the thousands of students and colleagues I have been privileged to teach and work with since coming to Harvard as a graduate student 50 years ago.”
“Free of formal responsibility, as President Emeritus and a retired professor, I look forward in time to engaging in research, analysis, and commentary on a range of global economic issues,” he said.
Summers corresponded with Epstein for years after his 2008 conviction, at one point seeking advice about how to pursue a younger colleague and calling Epstein a “very good wingman.” Over the last several months, Summers has also stepped down from his teaching role at Harvard and resigned from the OpenAI Board of Directors. The New York Times declined to renew his contract with the Opinion section, the Center for American Progress ended his fellowship and Summers stepped away from an advising role at the policy research center Budget Lab at Yale University. In past public remarks, Summers has said he is “deeply ashamed” of his actions and takes responsibility for continuing to communicate with Epstein after he was convicted of soliciting sex from a minor in 2008. Summers has not been implicated in any of Epstein’s crimes.
Also Wednesday, Harvard placed mathematics professor Martin Nowak on paid administrative leave while the university investigates his ties to Epstein, the Crimson reported. The university previously sanctioned Nowak in 2021 for facilitating Epstein’s presence at Harvard. The sanctions were lifted in 2023.
Richard Axel, a professor of pathology and biochemistry at Columbia University, announced Tuesday he would step down from his role as co-director of the Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute to “focus on research and teaching in my lab.” He will also resign from his role as an investigator at Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Axel first got to know Epstein in the 1980s, The New York Times reported. In a 2007 New York magazine profile about Epstein, Axel described him as “extremely smart and probing” and said, “He has the ability to make connections that other minds can’t make.” Axel also had dinner with Epstein and helped the children of Epstein’s associates try to gain admission to Columbia. Axel has not been implicated in any criminal activity.
“My past association with Jeffrey Epstein was a serious error in judgment, which I deeply regret,” Axel wrote in a statement. “I apologize for compromising the trust of my friends, students, and colleagues. I recognize the problems this has caused, and I will work to restore this trust. What has emerged about Epstein’s appalling conduct, the harm that he has caused to so many people, makes my association with him all the more painful and inexcusable.”
Also in recent weeks, Bard University announced it had opened an external investigation into the communication between Epstein and university president Leon Botstein. The university is also delaying a New York gala celebrating Botstein.
Collective learning is how a group or system creates, improves, and keeps knowledge. This knowledge lasts beyond any one person or cohort. That is the most practical collective learning definition, because it shifts the focus away from individuals and toward the learning system itself. So, what is collective learning in simple terms? It is what happens when a new group joins a course, program, or institution, and learning does not start from scratch. Instead, knowledge, insights, and shared understanding build up over time. The entire system learns, not just the individuals in it.
This is where collective understanding comes in. As groups learn together over time, they create shared ideas, common terms, and agreed meanings. This understanding is not fixed. Through gaining knowledge together, it gets tested, improved, and sometimes changed as new experiences and viewpoints come into play.
To understand what collective learning is in history, think about universities, professional schools, or even apprenticeships. Knowledge did not live only in individual minds. It was passed down, documented, debated, and improved across generations. Those are early examples of collective learning at work. Today, examples in education include programs where students learn together each year, courses guided by what students find important, and classrooms designed to gather knowledge rather than just share information. Let’s explore the topic further and gain insights into definitions, history, examples, and the important role of Instructional Designers.
Table Of Contents
What Does Collective Learning Mean In Education?
When people ask what collective learning means in education, the answer is often reduced to a simple idea: students gaining knowledge together. We don’t only talk about group projects, discussions, and peer activities. In an educational context, collective learning goes beyond interaction in a single classroom or cohort. It refers to how knowledge is created, refined, and carried forward across groups of people over time. The focus is not only on what individuals learn but also on what the system itself learns and remembers.
This is where collective learning starts to look less like a teaching technique and more like a design outcome. When knowledge is truly shared, ideas last beyond the end of a course or the graduation of a group. These ideas become part of the collective understanding. They lead to better lesson plans, clearer explanations, improved examples, refined frameworks, and new ways of interpreting complex topics.
In this sense, the meaning of collective learning is closely linked to how knowledge builds over time among different cohorts. Each new group of learners uses what earlier groups have discovered or questioned. This process allows knowledge to grow and develop instead of starting over. As time goes on, understanding becomes deeper rather than beginning from scratch.
Equally important is shared meaning. Collective learning isn’t just about storing information; it’s about creating a common language, shared ideas, and agreed meanings that can change when we have new evidence. Instead of asking if students are learning together, we should ask: Is the education system learning from its students?
What Is Collective Learning In History?
To understand what collective learning in history is, we have to look far beyond classrooms and institutions. Collective learning didn’t start with formal education; it started with survival. In early human societies, oral traditions were one of the first forms of collective learning. Stories, rituals, and shared knowledge about hunting, medicine, and social rules were passed down verbally. Therefore, knowledge wasn’t owned by a single person but evolved as groups tested ideas, remembered what worked, and discarded what didn’t.
The invention of writing systems changed everything. Knowledge no longer relied only on memory. People could record, revisit, challenge, and expand information over generations. This allowed for a more stable and powerful collective understanding, as knowledge could build on itself rather than starting over with each new generation.
Later, universities emerged to foster this. They were not just places where individuals gained insights from experts. They were systems designed to preserve, debate, and refine knowledge over time. In many ways, they formalized what collective learning means at a societal level. As education systems grew, their true value became clear: knowledge could continue even after individual scholars were gone. Societies chose which knowledge to keep and teach through canon formation. This choice shaped the collective learning definition in practice, not theory.
Consequently, the curriculum became a means of organizing knowledge. What we teach, the order in which we teach it, and the generations we pass it to influence how knowledge builds on itself. This is why examples of group learning are found in long-standing educational traditions instead of single lessons. The simple truth is this: education has always been about gaining knowledge. We just began seeing the process as an individual achievement rather than a shared and growing system.
The Relationship Between Collective Learning And Collective Understanding
What Is Collective Understanding?
In education, we often measure success at the individual level: test scores, completion rates, and certifications earned. These outcomes matter. But they tell us very little about what the learning system itself has actually learned. This is where collective understanding comes in. Collective understanding refers to the shared mental models that exist within a group, cohort, or system. It shows up in the way learners talk about a topic, the language they use to describe problems, and the assumptions they no longer need to explain to one another. When collective understanding is strong, people are aligned not because they memorize the same content but because they interpret information in the same way.
At its core, collective understanding is built on three elements:
Shared mental models People develop common ways of thinking about concepts, challenges, and decisions.
Common language Clear language makes communication easier and helps prevent confusion.
Agreed interpretations People agree on what certain ideas, practices, or outcomes mean in a certain context.
Unlike individual understanding, collective understanding is not owned by any single person. It exists between people and persists even as individuals leave and new learners join. In that sense, it is one of the most important outcomes of collective learning, even though it is rarely measured directly.
How Collective Learning Produces Understanding
Let’s separate learning from understanding. Understanding is mostly stable. A group at any moment shares a way of interpreting how things work. This helps people work together and make decisions efficiently. However, this shared understanding can quickly become outdated, especially in rapidly changing areas. On the other hand, collective learning is an ongoing process. It involves testing, challenging, and updating shared understanding over time. While collective understanding shows where a group stands at a given moment, collective learning explains how that position changes and improves.
In well-designed education systems, collective learning helps students question old ideas, add new viewpoints, and improve shared understandings. This is why collective learning differs from simply working together or having discussions. It needs systems that support critical thinking, provide feedback, and maintain consistent knowledge across different groups of students.
From a systems viewpoint, this distinction is important. If learning environments only reinforce what people already know, they create agreement, which, in turn, becomes a fixed belief. True collective learning, though, keeps understanding open and adaptable. It allows for differing opinions, changes, and making sense of things. This way, what the group believes today can change tomorrow. After all, that’s the power of education. Historically, institutions served as places where changing ideas were stored, rather than places of fixed truths. Knowledge grew because people constantly reviewed and updated their shared understanding.
For learning designers and education leaders, the message is clear: collective learning involves creating systems where shared understanding can develop, be questioned, and grow. Without this, education may create capable individuals within systems that do not truly learn.
Examples Of Collective Learning In Education
Talking about collective learning can feel abstract until you see how it actually shows up in real education systems. So let’s ground it. The following examples of collective learning show that knowledge doesn’t just sit with individual learners; it accumulates, evolves, and improves the learning system itself over time.
Cohort-Based Programs
Cohort-based programs are one of the clearest examples of collective learning in education because learning is not designed to “reset” with each new intake. In strong cohort models, learning builds year over year. Insights from previous groups, such as what worked, what failed, and which assumptions no longer hold, inform how the program evolves. Over time, the program itself becomes smarter. This is collective learning in action: knowledge created by one group shapes the experience of the next.
For this, shared case libraries are used. Instead of just using textbook examples, groups share real cases, reflections, and problem-solving methods. These contributions help shape the program’s collective understanding, allowing future learners to engage with real experiences instead of just theory. This also helps the curriculum evolve. It is no longer seen as something finished or fixed; it changes as new patterns emerge from different groups. This is where collective learning becomes a key outcome at the system level.
Professional And Continuing Education
Professional and continuing education programs are another powerful example of collective learning, especially when they stay closely connected to practice. In these environments, gaining insights from practitioners is often more valuable than formal learning alone. Learners bring real challenges, specific cases, and new trends from their work. When programs are built to gather, analyze, and reuse these insights, everyone benefits from the learning rather than just one person.
Field-informed updates are also important. As industries change, continuing education programs that promote group learning adapt with them. New rules, technologies, and methods are added not only through expert updates but also through practitioner feedback. Here, what does collective learning mean in practice? The program learns along with its users, continuously adjusting to stay relevant.
Open And Networked Learning Environments
Open and networked learning environments push collective learning beyond institutional boundaries. These can be:
MOOCs When designed well, they are not just massive delivery channels. They can become collective learning systems where patterns emerge from thousands of learner contributions. Discussions, peer explanations, and shared problem-solving approaches surface collective learning meaning at scale.
Open research communities There, knowledge is created collaboratively, reviewed openly, and refined continuously. Learning doesn’t end with publication; it evolves through critique and reuse.
Practice-driven knowledge evolution This is common in professional online communities, where real-world experimentation feeds back into shared understanding. These environments reflect what collective learning in history is, updated for the digital age: knowledge advancing as many minds gain insights together over time.
Across all these cases, the definition of collective learning becomes clear. Collective learning is not about learners sitting together but about systems that remember, adapt, and grow smarter with every learning cycle.
The 4 Principles Of Collective Learning Design
When people ask what collective learning is, the answer is often about collaboration, discussion, or shared activities. But collective learning is not something learners do in a moment. It is something learning environments either enable or quietly erase over time.
If we want a clear collective learning definition in education, it helps to think less about individual experiences and more about what the system remembers once learners move on. In other words, what does collective learning mean when a course ends, a cohort graduates, or a program evolves? The principles below offer a practical way to think about the collective learning meaning at scale.
1. Knowledge Must Outlive The Learner
At its core, collective learning depends on knowledge surviving beyond the individuals who created it. If insight disappears when learners leave, the system has not learned; only the people did. Historically, this is what made education a driver of progress. When we look at what collective learning is in history, we see that civilizations advanced because knowledge was preserved, refined, and passed on. Learning systems today face the same responsibility, even if the context is digital. So, designing for collective learning means asking, “What remains after this learner is gone?”
2. Learning Must Be Revisitable
Learning is rarely linear. People return to ideas, reinterpret them, and see them differently as their experience grows. A system that encourages collective learning should let people revisit, question, and connect ideas. This is where collective understanding begins to form as an evolving shared perspective. When learning happens only once, understanding stays the same. When we revisit what we’ve learned, our understanding deepens. From a systems perspective, revisiting learning isn’t just going over the same thing. It’s a way to deepen our understanding.
3. Knowledge Must Be Captured, Not Just Consumed
Many learning environments are excellent at delivering information but weak at capturing it. Learners read, watch, complete, and move on. In that case, completion rates are high, but the thinking disappears. This is one of the most overlooked issues in collective learning. Examples of collective learning emerge when learners share their thoughts, interpretations, and challenges and create collective knowledge. If that knowledge is not recorded, it cannot grow or build. Without this growth, collective learning cannot happen.
4. New Cohorts Must Build On Old Ones
Collective learning happens when each new cohort starts with some advantage over the previous one. They are not necessarily better, but the system has gained valuable lessons to share. This is the clearest answer to what collective learning means in practice: learning systems that improve themselves over time. When every cohort starts from zero, learning is happening, but collectively, nothing is being learned. Designing for collective learning means creating conditions for ongoing progress, not starting over.
The Role Of Instructional Designers In Collective Learning
For a long time, Instructional Designers were expected to focus on courses: learning objectives, activities, assessments, and completion rates. But when we look at what collective learning means in practice, that is no longer enough. Collective learning shifts the responsibility from designing isolated learning experiences to shaping learning systems that evolve over time. This doesn’t mean they should stop designing courses, of course, but realizing that every course plays a role in a bigger knowledge system. Instructional Designers help manage and support that system.
Understanding what collective learning means at a system level requires a long-term mindset. The question is no longer, “Did learners achieve the outcomes?” but “What knowledge exists now that didn’t exist before, and will it still matter a year from now?” This is where the collective learning definition is in action: learning that continues beyond individual participation and builds shared understanding over time. In this role, Instructional Designers help capture insights, shape how we reflect, and decide whether learning builds on itself or starts fresh with each new group.
However, once we accept the collective learning meaning as shared, evolving knowledge, ethical questions quickly follow. Who owns that knowledge? Is it the institution, the platform, or the learners who created it? It’s also important to consider whose voices are heard in a system. In many collective learning examples, dominant views are kept, while quieter or marginalized voices fade away. Over time, this affects what the system “knows.”
History reminds us that this is not new. Collective learning in history shows that education has always acted as a filter for which knowledge survives. Instructional Designers, though, are now the ones deciding, often implicitly, what gets remembered and what gets lost. So, we could say that designing for collective learning is not just a strategic choice. It is an ethical one.
Conclusion
Collective learning has always been the quiet force behind education. So, what is collective learning really? This becomes clearer when we see education as a system designed to preserve, challenge, and evolve knowledge. What does collective learning mean in practice? It means designing learning intentionally, so insights do not disappear with each new cohort. From collective learning in history to modern classrooms, education’s hidden purpose has been to create knowledge that outlives the learner and is shaped by real examples of collective learning across generations. So, as an Instructional Designer, consider this: Do you want to build knowledge that impacts one single learner or shape generations?
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Collective Learning
Collective learning is when a group creates, shares, and keeps knowledge together, rather than just individuals doing it alone. In schools or organizations, collective learning helps ensure that insights and practices continue over time. This leads to better learning outcomes in the future and allows for ongoing improvement.
Collective learning is important because it helps build knowledge over time instead of restarting with each new learner. It supports collective understanding, helps organizations remember past experiences, and promotes ongoing improvement. This makes education systems, organizations, and learning programs more adaptable, strong, and able to make better decisions.
Collective learning in history means that people can share and build knowledge over generations. This happens through shared language, tools, institutions, and education. From oral traditions to universities, collective learning helps societies maintain collective understanding, expand knowledge, and achieve progress that individuals alone cannot achieve.
What collective learning means in education is that learning outcomes extend beyond individuals to the entire system. Learners’ knowledge helps shape the curriculum and teaching methods for future cohorts. This process builds up insights over time instead of repeating the same learning cycles.
Examples of collective learning include cohort-based programs, shared case libraries, professional education integrating practitioner insights, and evolving academic disciplines. These illustrate how knowledge is retained, reused, and refined across learners and generations.
Collective understanding is the shared knowledge, interpretations, and mental models of a group at a given time. Collective learning continuously creates, updates, and refines this understanding, ensuring insights persist and evolve across cohorts or organizational systems.
Fourth grade art students are ready for new challenges, like trying out perspective or exploring tessellations. These projects are all well within their abilities but will also encourage your students to push themselves to create cool new works of art they’ll be proud to take home and show off. We’ve got art projects for 4th graders in every medium, so there’s something for all classrooms.
“I believe the art room is a joyful place where every child’s imagination can bloom and grow, with the right amount of nurturing!” says elementary art teacher Caroline M., known on Instagram as @scs.artteacher. “I love creating mixed‑media projects with my students, especially those that celebrate nature and the world around us.”
Caroline encourages art teachers to embrace a wide array of materials and supplies to encourage creativity at home and school. “My goal is to provide an environment that supports curiosity, celebrates process over perfection, and is ultimately a welcoming space where every student’s creative voice and spirit will grow and flourish.”
Explore some of Caroline’s favorite 4th grade art projects below, along with ideas from Lauralee Chambers (@2art.chambers) and Yvette Ackerman (@ackermans_amazing_artists), two more Instagram favorites. Visit their pages for more details and photos of each project!
FREE PRINTABLES
Art Portfolio Templates Bundle
This bundle contains art portfolio cover sheets for preschool to grade 5, as well as a template that works for any grade. The bundle also includes an art project planning sheet and an artist study worksheet.
We Are Teachers
4th Grade Art Projects
Courtesy of @2art.chambers
Origami Pencils
Lauralee notes that she loves doing a lesson on “pencil power” at the beginning of the year. Origami pencils give kids a bit of a challenge, just enough to encourage a growth mindset and set them up for a terrific year ahead.
Start by having kids paint or draw in the branches on their background paper of choice. To make the petals, students will be amazed at the cool effect they can get when they double-dip their brushes in two colors of pink paint, then “stamp” the brush down and twist.
This can be a quick project when you use supplies like Roylco butterfly frames and Hygloss cellophane sheets. For a more complex project, have students trace and cut out their own butterfly frames from black construction paper.
Start by spending time looking at pictures of castles from around the world with your class. Then, lead them through a guided-drawing session to create their own castles with the details of their choosing.
Geometric black-and-white patterns contrast beautifully with neon in this striking project. Try it around Valentine’s Day or any time you need to brighten up your art room.
If you haven’t tried foil-marker printing with your students, what are you waiting for? You’ll need water in spray bottles to create that beautiful blended effect. It makes the perfect background for patterned black-and-white leaves.
Here’s another terrific 4th grade art project contrasting color with black-and-white. This one teaches students about depth and 3D effect, as well as shapes like cylinders and ellipses.
Capture the magic of a snowy day with this painting project. Lauralee notes that this lesson teaches composition, texture, and value. Plus, kids will love adding the white paint splatter for snowflakes!
Put the power of symmetry to work by having students paint one half of a spider along the crease of a folded page. While the paint is still wet, fold the paper and press gently to create a balanced spider painting.
For this project, students take a close look at one part of Van Gogh’s “Starry Night,” and re-create the brush strokes with oil pastels. Spend some time telling them about the artist’s life while they work. “Talking about art is just as important as creating,” Lauralee reminds us. “We hope to nurture well-rounded students who can appreciate art. Not all of them will become artists, but all will need to be visually literate in this world of images.”
Every kid will be excited to create these vibrant cupcakes! Art teacher Caroline from @scs.artteacher uses Crayola Model Magic for this project. Try using silicone cupcake “wrappers” as molds for the bottom.
What better way to urge kids to shoot for the stars than by asking them to draw themselves as astronauts? Chalk pastels give these drawings their vibrant color, with each student choosing the “groovy” design that suits them best.
This modern artist’s style is sure to strike a chord with students. Use the foil-printing method to create colorful backgrounds after students draw the pumpkins.
Students can develop real confidence in their artistic skills through directed drawing sessions. This makes them much more likely to try more drawing activities on their own too.
What a brilliant twist on gingerbread art! The background uses the popular foil-marker printing method. (Caroline notes that this time around, her students used Dab-o-Ink bingo daubers.) Students can sketch any style of gingerbread house they like; it’s the perfect project for those crazy days that lead up to winter break.
Start by having students draw their own patterned paper—Lauralee’s kids used metallic markers on black paper. Cut out acorn caps from their designs, then add them to acorn bottoms cut from wood-grained scrapbooking paper.
Talk with your students about the differences between our left brain and our right brain. Then, ask them to illustrate the part of their brain they feel is their strongest. (Or they can do both!)
When you rip the top layer off a piece of cardboard, you expose the cool textures underneath! Use them to create these fun sandcastle collages—add some real shells for detail if you can.
Use color theory or explore all the colors of the rainbow with this simple project. Lauralee used empty heart-shaped candy boxes, then had students cut strips of construction paper and roll them into tight scrolls. Glue them into place once you have a design you like.
Here’s another project that’s fun for learning color theory, as well as perspective and drawing 3D shapes. Let students choose their own way to “fill” each black-and-white box with color.
Need a simple project with fantastic results? Try these little Crayola Model Magic pumpkins. Use a stiff piece of cardboard to add the segments to flattened balls of clay in colors of your choice. Make the vines from green wire or pipe cleaners.
Circle weaving on paper plates is a pretty standard primary art project. So we love the twist Yvette Ackerman puts on it, using the circle weaving as a background with black paper silhouettes glued on top.
Here’s another surprisingly simple clay project. Roll out a slab of clay, then drape it over an object to create a ghost shape. Cut out the eyes and mouth with a craft knife or pointed stick. Spooky and cool!
Make this a simple project by starting with rainbow-colored paper. Then, guide kids through tracing shamrocks with black markers, adding patterns and using negative space for interest.
Click the button below and fill out the form on this page to receive our free printable bundle with art portfolio cover sheets for every grade, as well as an art project planning sheet and an artist study worksheet.
Hi, ELA educators! I’m Heather, a former middle school teacher and current content creator here at Khan Academy.
I’m excited to share five ways you can use our new, standards-aligned 4th–10th grade ELA courses to support student learning in your classroom.
1. Build test-ready readers with weekly spiral review.
At Khan Academy, we design our ELA practice to mirror the rigor and question types students will encounter on state assessments.
A simple way to prepare students without overloading them is to assign one Khan Academy ELA lesson each week.
This keeps key reading and vocabulary skills fresh all spring long and works beautifully while you pull small groups or confer with individual learners.
Plus, bonus reading-strategy articles for grades 4–8 and test-taking-strategy articles for grades 9–10 get students ready to tackle any assessment that comes their way.
Use the built-in questions to ground comprehension, then go deeper with:
whole-class discussions,
text-based debates,
argument writing, and
small-group analysis,
Our pro/con articles—like “Should We Have Zoos?”—are especially helpful for teaching argumentative writing and evidence-based reasoning.
4. Turn ELA practice into a game students will actually love.
Engaging students in ELA lessons can be tough—but it doesn’t have to be.
Take Khan Academy ELA questions and turn them into quick, energetic games, like this one:
ELA Basketball 🏀
Put students into groups of four. Give each group a small whiteboard.
Project a Khan Academy exercise question.
Give groups time to answer and to justify their reasoning.
Correct answer = they shoot a basket.
Strong explanation = bonus shot.
Points given for each basket they make!
Have students rotate who is writing within their group and repeat the process with a new question.
It’s simple, lively, and packed with reading, reasoning, and collaboration.
5. Use Khan Academy ELA for stations, small groups, and independent work.
Khan Academy ELA fits smoothly into:
Small-group instruction
Independent practice
Reading workshop rotations
Intervention blocks
Homework or enrichment
Early-finisher activities
Because lessons are bite-sized, skill-focused, and engaging, you can use them flexibly—wherever your classroom needs them most.
Tell us how you’re using Khan Academy ELA!
Teachers are endlessly creative—we love seeing how you adapt tools for your classrooms. Share your ideas with us at social@khanacademy.org. You might inspire a future blog post!
Thanks for everything you do to help students grow as readers and writers. 💙
This audio is auto-generated. Please let us know if you have feedback.
Dive Brief:
Louisiana Gov. Jeff Landryon Mondayasked the U.S. Department of Education to investigate every college in his stateto root out any diversity, equity and inclusion efforts, which he described as discriminatory.
The Education Department’s Office for Civil Rights launched an investigation into the Louisiana Board of Regents earlier this month, alleging the language in the board’s budget geared toward boosting underrepresented student enrollment across the state’s public collegesviolated federal civil rights law.
In his letter to the agency, Landry, a Republican, urged the federal government to go further and expand its probe. “Harmful diversity, equity, and inclusion policies have no place in Louisiana, and we welcome efforts to root out remnants of that practice in our state,” he said.
Dive Insight:
The Louisiana Board of Regents — which oversees the state’s three public university systems and its community college system — is facing scrutiny from the Education Department over language in its fiscal 2026 budget.
In it, the board referenced its broader goal of increasing the number of graduates from underrepresented racial minorities. It defined that pool as excluding White and Asian students. Its budget for fiscal 2022 used the same language.
Under President Donald Trump, the Education Department is now alleging that language could violate Title VI, which bans federally funded institutions from discriminating based on race, color or national origin.
“The Louisiana Board of Regents’ objective to prioritize recruitment and graduation efforts for ‘all races other than white [and] Asian’ appears to blatantly violate not only America’s antidiscrimination laws, but our nation’s core principles,” Kimberly Richey, the department’s assistant secretary for civil rights, said in a Feb. 13 statement.
This week, Landry threw his full support behind the investigation and offered the Trump administration his office’s aid.
“Louisiana is done with woke DEI policies,” Landry said in a Monday social media post. “If there are violations of federal law anywhere in our system, we want them corrected.”
Louisiana State University President Wade Rousse said in a Monday statement that the system “intends to be compliant with all state and federal laws and is prepared to cooperate with this expanded investigation,” according to the Louisiana Illuminator.
Unlike a growing number of other conservative-led states, Louisiana does not currently have a state ban on DEI efforts in higher education.Lawmakers have repeatedly introduced such bills in the state, but none have been signed into law.
Now, Landry is poised to enforce such a ban via federal oversight. He argued, as the Trump administration has, that DEI efforts are akin to discrimination.
“This issue began under the previous administration, and we are fixing it,” the governor said on social media, taking a dig at his predecessor, Democrat John Bel Edwards, whose term ended in 2024.
Conservatives began their push to take down DEI policies late in Edwards’ tenure. In 2023, Republican lawmakers unsuccessfully attempted to override Edwards’ veto of legislation aimed at restricting any discussion of gender identity and sexual orientation in public K-12 schools. They passed it again next year, and Landry signed it into law.
The Trump administration began targeting UCLA last year through research funding cuts.
Juliana Yamada/Los Angeles Times/Getty Images
The Justice Department sued the University of California system Tuesday, alleging it has tolerated antisemitism to such an extent that it’s created a hostile work environment for Jewish and Israeli employees at UCLA, violating federal law banning employment discrimination.
The case continues the Trump administration’s targeting of the campus through allegations that it failed to properly respond to pro-Palestinian protests that followed Hamas’s Oct. 7, 2023, attack on Israel, which sparkedthe recent Israel-Hamas war. The administration previously cut off research funding for UCLA, but lost in court.
“Swastikas, calls for the extermination of Jews and the Jewish state of Israel, antisemitic violence, and open harassment of Jewish students, faculty, and staff: this was the grim scene at the University of California Los Angeles,” the new lawsuit begins. It says “the general atmosphere of antisemitism was, and remains, so severe and pervasive that UCLA’s own official Task Force on Antisemitism and Anti-Israeli Bias concluded that the University’s failures to protect Jewish staff and faculty constituted a hostile work environment.”
The DOJ already concluded, last July, that UCLA violated other laws—the 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964—in its response to alleged antisemitism at a spring 2024 pro-Palestinian protest encampment. Multiple federal agencies, including the National Institutes of Health and National Science Foundation, promptly began freezing funding; UC estimated it lost $584 million.
The Trump administration further demanded that UCLA pay $1.2 billion and make other concessions, including that itstop enrolling “foreign students likely to engage in anti-Western, anti-American, or antisemitic disruptions or harassment” and cease “performing hormonal interventions and ‘transgender’ surgeries” on anyone under 18 at its medical school and affiliated hospitals.
But after UC researchers sued, U.S. District Court judge Rita F. Lin of the Northern District of California ordered almost all of the frozen funding to be restored. In November, Lin further ordered federal agencies to end their “blanket policy of denying any future grants” to UCLA and ruled that the administration can’t seek payouts from any UC campus “in connection with any civil rights investigation” under Titles VI or IX. Lin alsoprohibited the DOJ and federal funding agencies from withholding funds, “or threatening to do so, to coerce the UC in violation of the First Amendment or Tenth Amendment.”
Now, the DOJ has sued in U.S. District Court for the Central District of California under Title VII, a different law that bans employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin. Among other things, it’s asking a judge to force the UC system to pay damages to Jewish and Israeli employees and “modify and enforce its anti-discrimination and anti-retaliation policies and procedures to effectively prevent and correct antisemitic discrimination and retaliation at UCLA.”
Mary Osako, UCLA’s vice chancellor for strategic communications, noted in a statement that the university has taken “concrete and significant steps to strengthen campus safety, enforce policies, and combat antisemitism,” including hiring a dedicated Title VI/Title VII officer within the Office of Civil Rights.
“We stand firmly by the decisive actions we have taken to combat antisemitism in all its forms, and we will vigorously defend our efforts and our unwavering commitment to providing a safe, inclusive environment for all members of our community,” she wrote.
In a statement, Todd Wolfson, president of the American Association of University Professors, wrote that “allegations of antisemitism must be taken seriously, but this lawsuit comes amid a broader pattern in which the federal government has increasingly weaponized antisemitism to pressure and reshape higher education institutions towards a far right agenda, including through prior federal attacks on UCLA. Civil-rights enforcement should protect people from discrimination without becoming a vehicle for political overreach that undermines academic freedom, shared governance, and the independence of universities.”
WASHINGTON (Reuters) — President Donald Trump’s administration has sued the University of California system over alleged discrimination against Jewish and Israeli employees at UCLA involving what the Justice Department called an antisemitic hostile work environment.
Tuesday’s lawsuit, filed in Los Angeles, marks the latest instance of the Trump administration acting against a U.S. university and represents its latest dispute in Democratic-governed California.
Trump last year tried to freeze hundreds of millions of dollars in federal funds for UCLA over pro-Palestinian protests but a judge directed that those be restored.
The Republican president has attempted to crack down on universities over pro-Palestinian protests against Israel’s assault on Gaza, transgender policies, climate programs and diversity initiatives, leading to concerns over academic freedom, free speech and due process.
The lawsuit filed by the Justice Department seeks a court order requiring UCLA, part of the University of California system, to investigate and address antisemitism complaints and provide training on anti-discrimination policies. It also seeks an unspecified amount in monetary damages to go to two UCLA professors who alleged being subjected to antisemitism.
The University of California, Los Angeles did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
The lawsuit alleged that “UCLA’s administration turned a blind eye to, and at times facilitated, grossly antisemitic acts and systematically ignored cries for help” from its Jewish and Israeli employees after the October 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.
Students and community members march on Oct. 7, 2025, at UCLA in memory of Palestinian lives lost in Gaza.
Juliana Yamada via Getty Images
Large protests were held on UCLA’s campus during the 2024 pro-Palestinian protest movement in which demonstrators demanded an end to Israel’s war in Gaza and U.S. support for its ally, along with a divestment of funds by universities from companies supporting Israel.
Trump has cast pro-Palestinian protests as antisemitic. Protesters, including some Jewish groups, have said the U.S. government wrongly conflates their criticism of Israel’s assault on Gaza and its occupation of Palestinian territories with antisemitism and their advocacy for Palestinian rights with support for extremism.
The University of California system receives more than $17 billion each year in federal support.
The University of California, Berkeley, another campus in the University of California system, said in September it provided information on 160 faculty members and students to the Trump administration in a probe involving alleged antisemitism. Trump’s administration has reached deals to settle investigations involving Columbia and Brown University, with academic experts raising alarm over parts of those agreements. Trump has not initiated equivalent probes into allegations of Islamophobia and anti-Palestinian bias. A mob violently attacked pro-Palestinian protesters at UCLA in 2024, leading to changes in campus police leadership.
Reporting by Kanishka Singh, Andrew Goudsward, Costas Pitas and Ismail Shakil; Editing by Caitlin Webber and Will Dunham
Trivia questions are terrific for icebreakers, morning meetings, bell ringers, and any time you need to pep up your class. We’ve got questions for every age and ability, from very easy trivia questions for young learners to tricky questions that may even stump the experts! Take a look at our full collection, plus get ideas for using them with your students.
Jump to:
FREE DOWNLOAD
Trivia Questions for Kids Slides
Get all these trivia questions with answers in our free Google Slideshow! Just click the button and enter your email info in the form on this page for immediate access.
We Are Teachers
Easy Trivia Questions for Kids in Grades Pre-K to 2
These trivia questions are simple enough that you can use them with even the youngest learners. They’ll love finding out just how much they know!
General Trivia Questions for Kids in Middle School
Encourage middle school kids to dig deep and find the answers for these trivia questions. They cover a wide range of topics, so there should be something here for every kind of student.
How To Use These Trivia Questions With Your Students
There are lots of fun ways to use trivia questions in the classroom. Try these creative ideas from science teacher Sarah Donovan.
1. Make trivia question fortune tellers
Sarah Donovan for We Are Teachers
These folded creations have been popular with students for ages, so they’ll love getting to make them in class. Start by labeling the four outer flaps with a category like History or Science. “On each inner flap, students can write a trivia question from the Google Slides,” Sarah says. “Inside, they’ll include the answer. They can take turns asking each other their trivia questions!” Learn how to fold these paper fortune tellers here.
2. Hold a trivia relay race
“Select 10 to 20 trivia questions from the list and print them onto a single worksheet,” Sarah instructs. “Cut the worksheet up into strips so that each student will receive a section with 2 to 5 questions.” Divide students into teams, and give each student on the team part of the worksheet.
Starting with the first strip of questions, teams write down their answers, then send the first player up to the teacher to check their answers. If they’re right, the team can move on to the next player and their set of questions. If not, they’ll need to keep on trying. The first group to get all their answers correct wins the race.
3. Play trivia bingo
Sarah Donovan for We Are Teachers
Kids are never too old to enjoy a game of bingo! Follow Sarah’s instructions: “On a blank bingo card, fill in each box with a trivia question from the list. Students move around the room and find a classmate that knows the answer to each question. They write the name of the classmate under the fact, along with the answer. The first person to fill in five boxes in a row wins!”
4. Create DIY trivia board games
This activity really gives students a chance to be creative. “They can develop the rules, design the board, and turn the trivia questions into tasks that players must answer in order to advance and win the game,” Sarah explains. If kids are feeling a little hesitant, let them take inspiration from your own collection of classroom board games.
5. Set up a trivia question trail
Sarah Donovan for We Are Teachers
“This activity is similar to a scavenger hunt,” Sarah notes. “Select a set of 15 to 20 trivia facts from the Google Slides and type them up as multiple-choice questions to be posted around the classroom.”
Let students play individually or in groups: “Students can start at any question station. After answering each question, students will be directed to the next station. If students answer all questions correctly, they will visit each station without repeating! If not, they will have to backtrack and find the correct order for the question trail.”
Here’s an example:
How many colors are there in a rainbow? a. Seven (Move to question #4) b. Six (Move to question #3) c. Eight (Move to question #10) d. Ten (Move to question #12)
Get your free trivia Google Slides!
We Are Teachers
If you loved these trivia questions for kids, grab a copy of our Google Slideshow with all of your favorite trivia questions (and answers) to share in your classroom. Just fill out the form on this page to get yours.
Plus, find hundreds more trivia questions and answers here:
COLUMBUS, Ohio — One glossy insert stuck out from the orientation packet handed to hundreds of Ohio State University freshmen last August. It advertised a tempting offer: Students could earn a $4,000 scholarship — close to a third off in-state tuition — if they enrolled in one civics-oriented course and attended three events each semester outside of class.
It seemed straightforward, but missing in the fine print was the controversial nature of the center giving the scholarships, sponsoring the lectures and crafting the new courses. It was the Salmon P. Chase Center for Civics, Culture, and Society, created by Ohio’s Republican-dominated legislature with the explicit goal of enticing students to take courses taught by a newly hired group of conservative philosophers, political scientists and historians.
Housed in one of Ohio State’s sturdy brick buildings, the center has 20 faculty members teaching nine credit-bearing courses this academic year. Most of its lectures and other events have a decidedly right-leaning bent. In 2023, Ohio state legislators allocated $24 million in tax dollars to create the Chase Center and four others like it on Ohio campuses and to influence the details of university operations in a manner that would have been unthinkable just a few years ago.
It’s part of a new conservative playbook: A growing number of Republican legislators are using their power in the name of intellectual diversity to get right-leaning professors in front of all students, including, and maybe especially, the liberal ones. They are stepping in to influence who is hired and what is taught on public campuses, hoping to wrest back control from what they say has been an unchecked left-wing indoctrination of America’s college students.
Eight other states, including North Carolina, Florida and Utah, now have similar centers or schools at their public universities, championed by Republican politicians. These places will receive nearly $50 million in taxpayer money during the 2025-26 school year, according to university spokespeople. And that’s not including the $100 million the University of Texas System Board of Regents has set aside to renovate an existing building to house the School of Civic Leadership at the University of Texas at Austin.
Ohio, with the five centers now open, is a national model for a movement that is being backed by the Trump administration. Four of Ohio’s centers have also received federal grants totaling more than $8 million to train the state’s K-12 teachers in civics education. And Chase was one of several centers chosen to receive additional funding through a noncompetitive grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities — $5 million for more faculty hiring, scholarships and curriculum development.
Related: Interested in innovations in higher education? Subscribe to our free biweeklyhigher education newsletter.
To critics, these centers are inserting politics into faculty hiring decisions and pulling resources away from other academic departments and needed campus improvements. Proponents say they are simply trying to bring some balance to campuses that tilt heavily left.
Adam Kissel, a deputy assistant education secretary during Trump’s first term, said universities across the country are suffering from “curricular rot” and need legislative intervention. Civic centers, Kissel said in an email to The Hechinger Report, could exemplify “a more serious college education — examining what is best in the American and Western tradition.”
Universities have “squandered that deference they used to deserve by too many people becoming activist,” Kissel, now a visiting fellow at the Heritage Foundation, said at a hearing on the Ohio legislation. “Then it’s right for the legislature to come in and say ‘It’s the public’s money, it’s the public’s accountability. We have something to say about curriculum.’ ”
Even conservatives who reject the idea that students are being indoctrinated contend that they are more often exposed to left-leaning ideas than more moderate ones. In 2023, about half of professors described themselves as liberal, while a quarter said they were conservative and 17 percent identified as moderate.
Researchers counter that young people enter college already disproportionately on the left side of the political spectrum, so that peer pressure is more salient than professors’ ideologies. Many students told Hechinger they haven’t experienced the problem Kissel and other Chase Center supporters say needs to be solved.
“I would challenge anyone to find left-wing indoctrination” at Ohio State, said Danielle Fienberg, a junior and history major who took a Chase course last semester. “Professors want you to challenge them, they want you to disagree.”
Fienberg was attracted to Chase by the scholarship money, she said, and has appreciated the open debate and discussions.
“I can’t watch Fox News, but I can sit in that class and hear ideas discussed civilly,” said Fienberg.
“Much of the reading material is between center and right politically,” she added, “and I really object to how it was formed.”
But in the classroom, she said, “just like my liberal professors, their opinions do not show up in how they grade me.”
Last fall, the Chase Center sponsored two classes. It is offering seven this spring and 14 in the fall. The goal is to hire a total of 50 new faculty, with joint appointments in departments throughout the university, which will “increase the diversity of thought in other units and make existing units healthier,” said the center’s associate director, Christopher Green.
“We want to conserve and consider what’s good about America,” said Green, a constitutional law scholar who was previously a professor at the University of Mississippi School of Law.
Center leaders hope to create an academic community by sponsoring reading groups and offering individual attention from professors that will expose students to ideas that Chase administrators believe they don’t get elsewhere on campus. They are also using scholarships, fancy dinners and funded study abroad opportunities to attract students who might otherwise give the classes a pass. (Next year, to receive the full $4,000 scholarship, recipients will have to declare an academic minor offered by Chase.)
Many students said they enrolled in Ohio State’s Salmon P. Chase Center for Civics, Culture, and Society classes last fall for the scholarships and have appreciated the discussion-based format. Credit: Meredith Kolodner/The Hechinger Report
On a cool morning last fall, seven students who had enrolled in one of Chase’s inaugural classes, “The American Civic Tradition: Then and Now,” sat around a long table, debating whether the abolitionist Frederick Douglass believed the Constitution was a pro- or anti-slavery document.
As the debate got heated, lecturer David Little raised the concept of civic friendship, which encourages respect between people with differing opinions. Evelyn Wan, a freshman from Maryland, said she believed New York Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez embodied its ideals. Little appeared mildly amused by this, but he let the students continue their arguments, occasionally connecting them back to the readings — Alexis de Tocqueville’s philosophical arguments and scriptural references in Lincoln’s second inaugural address.
“I do think the Chase Center can be a good way to get outside of the echo chamber if you’re only in one kind of social circle,” said Wan, in an interview after the class. “But it is very Republican and very patriotic. If you come in with a blank slate, you’ll probably come out a Republican.”
Other students agreed.
“Sometimes he baits me into pushing back against him,” Amiri Rice, a junior who is majoring in political science, said of Little, “but I feel like it produces good discussions.”
During the 2018-19 school year, law professor Lee Strang was a visiting fellow at Princeton University’s James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions, a privately funded, conservative-leaning unit considered to be the grandfather of the modern civics center movement. When Strang returned to the University of Toledo, he began working to bring similar centers to Ohio. But rather than seek out donors, he found an eager partner in state Senator Jerry Cirino.
Cirino said that when he was in college, and ever since, faculty leaned left. “That is indisputable,” he said. “We wanted to balance that out and make sure students are getting a diverse set of views in things like politics and economics.”
By 2023, Cirino had his sights set on a total overhaul of higher education; he wanted to eliminate mandatory diversity, equity and inclusion training, ban faculty strikes and weaken tenure protections. In a less sweeping, separate piece of legislation, Cirino proposed creating “intellectual diversity centers” to teach civics courses at two schools, Ohio State and the University of Toledo College of Law.
He worked closely with Strang to craft legislation that would allow these centers to have maximum independence from the universities that would house them. Strang said he had noticed a limitation at Princeton’s Madison program: Even though it had its own funding, its position within the political science department stymied its ability to hire freely.
When the Ohio House declined to take up Cirino’s larger bill, he responded by making the civic center legislation more expansive.
“I decided if they’re not going to give me the reforms I’m looking for, I’m going to add three more of these,” he said of the centers. The bill passed as part of the legislative budget and Strang went on to lead Ohio State’s Chase Center.
Cirino’s intellectual diversity center bill now serves as the basis for model legislation put out by the conservative National Association of Scholars that proposes the creation of similar centers, run largely independently from the colleges that house them and from faculty who have “abandoned their commitments to intellectual freedom, the Western heritage, and the American heritage.”
The association has argued that merely requiring specific courses isn’t sufficient. “A law requiring the teaching of American history likely will result in a course devoted to describing American history as a catalogue of sin,” it wrote in introducing its model legislation. “Policymakers must change the administrative structure of higher education to change the substance of what professors teach in college classrooms.”
This spring, Iowa lawmakers passed a bill that appeared to be based on the association’s model legislation, creating the Center of Intellectual Freedom at the University of Iowa.
Students Danielle Fienberg and Amiri Rice say they don’t think Ohio State’s Salmon P. Chase Center for Civics, Culture, and Society classes were needed to diversify the school’s curriculum. Credit: Meredith Kolodner/The Hechinger Report
These laws, and others like them, drastically change traditional hiring and firing procedures for faculty. Usually, new hires at a university go through several layers of academic approval, with input from existing faculty, deans and administrators. But in Ohio, for instance, each campus center has a separate academic council, whose members must be approved by the state legislature. State senators consulted with university presidents about nominees and ultimately chose to replace two proposed members on one council. Chase’s council includes several notable conservatives and no prominent liberal scholars.
That council then recommends a director who has far more power than any department head. According to the law, the director “shall have the sole and exclusive authority to manage the recruitment and hiring process and to extend offers for employment for all faculty.”
“This is essentially legislatively directed hiring at a university,” said Ashley Hope Pérez of Ohio State, an associate professor of literature, director of undergraduate studies and a member of the university senate steering committee. “It’s basically setting up political loyalty for tenure.”
A spokesperson for Ohio State President Ted Carter, however, said that the university’s board of trustees approves all faculty hires, including those at Chase.
“President Carter supported creation of the Chase Center, and the university structured the center in accordance with state law to further our mission of educating for citizenship,” said Benjamin Johnson, assistant vice president of media and public relations, in an email.
Other faculty who have been department chairs and on hiring committees said that trustee approval was more of a rubber stamp without individual vetting.
Earlier this month, a Chase assistant professor, Luke Perez, was charged with assaulting an independent journalist who had attempted to ask former Ohio State president Gordon Gee a question. Gee was a guest speaker in Perez’s class. Ohio State placed Perez, who pleaded not guilty, on administrative leave while the university investigates, Johnson said.
In hiring professors, Chase leadership said there was no political litmus test. The goal “is not to establish a conservative faculty,” Cirino said. He hopes the centers will hire professors who will teach students how, rather than what, to think.
“We have been explicit about saying we don’t care where you’re coming from, religiously, politically, ideologically,” said Strang. “What we care about is, are you going to contribute to, in a simple and thoughtful way, the education of Americans from all backgrounds?”
He added that the center’s new hires represent a broad spectrum of academic thought.
“What that has done is it has made the Chase Center much more diverse than almost any academic unit in a large public university.”
But ideologically speaking, the diversity mostly ranges along a conservative spectrum. There are Reagan-supporting neoconservatives who object to the views of MAGA along with professors who support President Trump and others whose politics are shaped by conservative interpretations of Christianity. Strang said he didn’t track the political leanings of his staff, but that he wasn’t surprised if there were more right-leaning professors in the mix since, he said, conservative academics often felt they didn’t have an equal shot in the usual hiring process.
“The phrase ‘intellectual diversity’ has become really a Trojan horse for the imposition of ideological stances,” said Amy Reid, the program director of PEN America’s Freedom to Learn project, who co-authored a new report that criticizes civics centers like Chase. “When you have bills to ensure that there is viewpoint diversity, what they’re really doing is ensuring that there is a space for conservative ideology.”
Critics also point out that almost all of the new hires are white and most are male. The same is true in other publicly funded civic centers: In all, a Hechinger analysis shows, about 75 percent of their faculty are male and more than 85 percent are white, compared to 52 and 65 percent, respectively, at all public and nonprofit four-year universities.
Pérez and other leaders in the faculty senate also say the center is duplicating courses already being taught in other departments while using the scholarships to draw students away from those courses and to the Chase Center’s classes. For example, Ohio State’s Center of Ethics and Human Values offers a certificate (similar to a minor) called Civil Discourse for Citizenship.
Unlike Chase, most departments at the university are funded partially based on how many students enroll in classes, so losing students to Chase courses means losing revenue.
“There is a diversion of funding from actual educational needs while dumping money into these centers,” said Pérez.
Some faculty also say that the cost of new tenure-track positions with salaries and benefits will rise to tens of millions of dollars over the next several years, and that it’s unclear whether the state legislature will commit to funding in the future.
Ohio State said Chase had a projected five-year budget that includes fundraising, tuition revenue and state support.
Soon, thousands of Ohio college students will be funneled through these centers. It took two years, but in 2025, Cirino finally got his major higher education overhaul through the full Ohio legislature. This time, it has a new provision: All students earning a bachelor’s degree will have to take an American Civic Literacy course.
“When we see statistics about the embracing of socialism by our young people, we sit back and we wonder why,” Cirino said in a podcast with the American Council of Trustees and Alumni. “Well, we have not schooled them on the free market capitalism. We have not schooled them on the historical massive problems that socialism, when it has been experimented with, has resulted in.”
The new course will feature foundational texts from U.S. history as well as lessons about capitalism.
The civic centers will be ready to teach it.
Contact senior investigative reporter Meredith Kolodner at kolodner@hechingerreport.org or on Signal: @merkolodner.04.
Contact investigations editor Sarah Butrymowicz at butrymowicz@hechingerreport.org or on Signal: @sbutry.04.
In emergencies, time is the most valuable resource–and it’s often the one in shortest supply. Whether a medical crisis, fire, or security threat, the difference between a quick response and a delayed one can significantly shape outcomes. While training, communication, and coordination are all essential to emergency preparedness, one foundational element is often underestimated: accurate campus mapping.
At its core, effective emergency response depends on knowing how to get to the right place at the right time and with the right resources. Digital maps turn abstract safety plans into operational reality. When someone needs help, having location specifics, building layouts, and safety assets clearly visualized and shared enables responders to move with confidence rather than hesitation–and that clarity saves time.
From static plans to real-time awareness
Many organizations still rely on static floor plans or paper diagrams for their emergency planning. While these may meet compliance requirements, they often fall short when it matters most. Facilities are constantly evolving: Rooms are repurposed, walls are added and removed, equipment is relocated, and temporary changes are made. A map that was accurate six months ago may already be outdated and unhelpful in an emergency response.
Modern safety preparedness calls for a shift from static maps to living, digital representations of space. Dynamic maps enable organizations to update changes as they happen, ensuring that responders are working from current information. In a crisis, eliminating uncertainty about entrances, exits, room layouts, or asset locations can shave critical minutes off response times.
Location is the first question and the hardest one to answer
Ask any emergency responder what information matters most when a call comes in, and the answer is almost always the same: location. Not just the address, but the precise spot within a building or campus where help is needed. Large or multi-building or multi-floor environments, such as schools and hospitals, add layers of complexity that make a street address alone insufficient. According to recent data, nearly 60 percent of school safety incidents happen outside of the classroom. Knowing exactly where an incident is happening is key to getting help on scene fast.
Indoor location is especially challenging when emergencies are reported through mobile devices. While Next Generation 911 standards aim to support sub-addressing–down to the building, floor, or even room–broad adoption and consistent implementation are still emerging. Currently, responders are often dispatched with limited spatial detail, forcing them to spend precious minutes on gathering crucial information after arrival, rather than en route.
Mapping addresses the challenge of keeping response times to under five minutes, by providing visual context that traditional dispatch data often lacks. When responders can see the incident location in relation to stairwells, access points, evacuation routes, and nearby safety equipment, they can plan before they arrive. This reduces time spent searching, backtracking, or waiting for clarification once on site.
Making safety assets visible before they’re needed
Emergency preparedness is not only about people; it’s also about tools. Automated external defibrillators (AED), fire extinguishers, drug overdose reversal kits, first-aid kits, utility shut-offs, and alarm panels are only effective if responders can find them quickly. In high-stress situations, even familiar environments can become disorienting.
Mapping plays a critical role by allowing responders to plan before they arrive on the scene, not after. When the locations of life-saving assets are visible in advance – in addition to routes, access points, and building layouts – responders can make decisions on the way: which entrance to use, which equipment to get first, and how to sequence their actions upon arrival. This shifts response from reactive to deliberate, compressing the timeline between arrival and intervention.
That’s why mapping safety assets into a shared visual system helps ensure that these resources are visible and easy to locate. The ability to see safety asset locations in real time also supports daily readiness by enabling facilities teams to track inspections, maintenance, and compliance more efficiently. Over time, this creates a feedback loop where preparedness improves not just during emergencies, but through ongoing operations.
Improving coordination across roles and agencies
One of the less visible benefits of digital mapping is its impact on coordination. Emergencies rarely involve a single responder or department. Administrators, facilities teams, security staff, medical personnel, and external first responders all work together, often under intense pressure.
When everyone involved is referencing the same map, misunderstandings decrease, and decision-making accelerates. Clear visuals help align actions, reduce redundant communication–or miscommunication–and most importantly, reduce response time.
Training, drills, and a culture of readiness
Preparedness must be built over time through planning, training, and repetition. Incorporating maps into drills helps administrators and leadership internalize layouts, routes, and procedures before they are tested in real life. That way, they’re not only ready with what they know but prepared to pivot and support EMS response if anything changes.
This familiarity fosters a culture of readiness. When people understand their environment and their role within it, they are more likely to act decisively and calmly. Over time, mapping becomes more than a technical tool; it becomes a shared language for safety.
Planning for what’s next
Mapping sits at the intersection of planning and action. It connects people, places, and resources in a way that supports faster response and better outcomes. By investing in thoughtful mapping practices today, organizations can reduce uncertainty tomorrow. And in emergencies, reducing uncertainty is one of the most powerful ways to save time and improve outcomes.
Peter Crosbie, CENTEGIX
Peter Crosbie is a Mapping & Spatial Experience Manager for CENTEGIX, a leading provider of innovative emergency management solutions for all types of workplaces.
Latest posts by eSchool Media Contributors (see all)
During our research project on teaching and learning with AI, Mi Aniefuna talked to a lawyer-turned-teacher-turned AI ethicist. Masheika Allgood, founder of AllAI Consulting (pronounced “ally”), shared a story with me about her most transformative year as a teacher. What she did to help her seventh grade ELA students is something that generative AI, as we know it, can’t do. As the number of teachers using AI for tasks like grading and lesson planning increases, Allgood advocates that they be informed users.
All first-person accounts in this article belong to Masheika Allgood, with research support from EdSurge researcher Mi Aniefuna.
I’ve always taught. In undergrad, I was an elementary school substitute teacher. In law school, I volunteered at a preschool. In 2009, I was an online professor at Strayer University, when online learning had just become a thing. Most recently, I taught a course for Executive MBA students, and I am currently teaching a course for Juris Master’s students.
So, that’s what I do — I teach, and it’s what I’ve loved since I was a young educator. Among all my teaching experiences, my most formative period as a teacher, when I developed a style and pedagogy, was the year I taught seventh-grade language arts at a public middle school in South Florida.
By the time I stepped into that middle school classroom, I’d already completed three of my four degrees. My goal wasn’t to just make it to the end of the year; it was to help each of my students come to love the classroom as much as I did. For me, that journey began with preparation, ensuring that every student had a strong foundation so that when it was time to fly, we could all rise together.
As with any journey prep, this one started with taking inventory; in our case, it was diagnostic tests. I know from experience that smart kids can fudge their way through skills they haven’t fully developed, and education doesn’t always notice. I also know that people often make incorrect assumptions about low achievers, namely that they’re equally low-performing in all areas.
But people can surprise you, especially children. And you can’t properly assess inventory if you don’t actually check the cabinets to see where things are. For diagnostic testing, I selected specific areas to assess based on the year’s learning goals and the fundamentals students needed to meet them. For example, a student can’t analyze a section of reading if they don’t know how to compare and contrast. So I assessed, gave feedback and coached my students to incorporate it.
Assessment Today: What the Research Says
As of 2022, about 94 percent of educators report using a learning management system. LMS platforms, like Canvas and Magic School, are common edtech tools used for content management, collecting assignments and automated grading and assessments.
Then, I meticulously analyzed the assessments, comparing them across all my classes, and created a mapping system to visualize where all my students were. I even used the assessments to develop my lesson plans. And while I taught the same fundamentals to every single class, I would lean in heavily on a particular section depending on where the students were stronger or weaker.
After four or five weeks, we reassessed those foundational skills through a variety of means: they composed a song to explain a grammatical point, created crossword puzzles on key points in their reading and identified audio foreshadowing in movie clips. I also administered quizzes and assignments. By the time Christmas break began, all of my students had mastered seventh grade fundamentals. And in the second half of the year, we were finally able to fly.
Assessment Today: What the Research Says
Among teachers who use AI in their jobs, about two-thirds of teachers say AI has improved the quality of their grading and open-ended student feedback.
Students read a fiction book from cover to cover as a class. For the vast majority of my students, that was the first time they’d done so. They enjoyed it because we did cool things that resonated with them. They drew timelines of important events we discussed, and each class developed an official timeline. They wrote letters as older versions of the characters, offering advice or wisdom as the book versions of themselves. We also held an official debate in which each class addressed the legality of mailbox baseball. One of my students researched the federal code on mailbox tampering and cited it in the debate, and that was one of the proudest moments of my teaching career.
And it wasn’t just my honors classes that flew. I also had students with learning and behavioral disabilities, hearing and speech difficulties and a few students who’d spent an inordinate amount of the school year sitting in the principal’s office. Still, they came to my class, and we all flew — because we all could. Because they spent the first half of the year learning the fundamentals, they were able to handle the higher-order concepts, having developed the grammar, vocabulary, and critical thinking skills that were necessary. Thanks to the diagnostic tests, I created careful and intentional lesson planning and reassessments that helped me close the gap.
In 2021, a Florida school district shared EWS data that labelled students “at-risk.” Through school resource officers, the county police department used this data to label students as “future delinquency” and “destined to a life of crime.”
A 2023 study of more than a million records from 10 years of usage data from Wisconsin’s Dropout Early Warning System found that the tool didn’t increase graduation rates, but it used race, income and other demographic data that inadvertently labeled Black, Hispanic, and low-income students. Eight in 10 students marked “at-risk” were incorrectly labelled.
During my observation at the end of the school year, the observing teacher couldn’t tell the difference between my honors and other classes. She said they were all performing at an advanced level. One student, in particular, who was such a regular at the principal’s office that they were shocked when I called in and demanded he be allowed to attend my class, not only passed my class, but he and every other student I taught also passed the state exam.
That’s why this research series matters. I’m passionate about diagnostics and assessments because I’ve seen what they can do. Because every student can succeed if they learn the fundamentals.
For me, the question that centers my teaching practice is: How do we know that students are learning? That question also drove my participation in this research project. In an era of nearly ubiquitous student learning platforms, such as learning management systems and other educational technology tools, how are diagnostics and assessments conducted? How do they inform the lesson plan and course goals? How is education changing, and are these changes improving the learning process for students?
In a district where students have been counted out and labeled as “low achievers,” Allgood utilized her expertise as a teacher, along with research-backed pedagogical strategies, to personalize instruction, deliver targeted feedback, make content culturally relevant and lead with empathy.
Fast forward to today, schools have deployed dozens of edtech tools to support teaching, learning and assessment, but many edtech tools now have AI-powered features. With competing priorities and dwindling resources, teachers are using generative AI to assist with feedback. What happens when we rely on AI to assess student learning and grade their work?
American Fork, Utah, February 10, 2026 — ELB Learning, a strategic workforce development partner to 80% of the Fortune 100, announced today the launch of AI Roleplay. This AI-powered simulation tool helps teams practice challenging, real-world conversations before they happen. AI Roleplay is a new feature within Rehearsal, ELB’s video practice and coaching platform, as a real-time practice engine with an AI avatar.
Conversational role-play prepares people in sales, customer service, and leadership roles for situations where critical business outcomes depend on how a difficult conversation unfolds. Beyond helping with information retention and application, it can also help manage mentor fatigue. According to Harvard Business Impact, 85% of mid-level leaders face burnout weekly, making necessary learning practices like mentorship unsustainable.
“Traditional role play has always been one of the most effective ways to prepare teams for high-stakes conversations. But it can’t scale,” said Andrew Scivally, CEO of ELB Learning. “AI Roleplay brings that same practice model into a modern, AI-powered experience, so organizations can deliver realistic simulations aligned to their playbooks. It gives leaders clear insight into where teams are excelling and the skill gaps that require support to get them to skill proficiency sooner.”
AI Roleplay facilitates skill-building at scale with:
Dynamic scenarios tailored to each organization. With real playbooks, scripts, product details, and objection-handling guides, scenarios can be built in minutes. They are designed to be easily reviewed, audited, and iterated over time.
Adaptive conversations with AI personas. Teams are prompted to probe, adapt, and respond in the moment while audio-based AI shifts the conversation based on responses. Whether mimicking a hesitant buyer or skeptical decision-maker, avatars mirror realistic tone, emotion, and context.
In-the-moment coaching and feedback. Reinforce good habits faster with actionable insights from performance dashboards that track skill development, improvement over time, and success rates. Leaders can use AI Roleplay to identify coaching moments and scale best practices across the team.
Transcript-first architecture. AI Roleplay reduces bias based on accent, tone, or gender. To deliver the most objective performance evaluation, voice or biometric data is never analyzed by the AI, only the text transcript of the conversation.
ELB will offer a 30-day free trial of AI Roleplay. To learn more, visit here.
About ELB Learning
ELB Learning is a strategic workforce development partner to 80% of the Fortune 100. The Company combines expert consulting with innovative learning technology to solve real business challenges and deliver measurable results. ELB’s services span revenue transformation, leadership development, sales enablement, onboarding optimization, global learning delivery, and AI readiness. Its technology portfolio—including immersive learning software, gamification, virtual reality, and more—enables organizations to create engaging, scalable learning experiences. To learn more, please visit elblearning.com.