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Tag: infectious diseases

  • Watchdog agency increases its pandemic unemployment benefits fraud estimate to as much as $135 billion | CNN Politics

    Watchdog agency increases its pandemic unemployment benefits fraud estimate to as much as $135 billion | CNN Politics

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    Washington
    CNN
     — 

    As much as $135 billion in fraudulent Covid-19 pandemic unemployment insurance claims were likely paid out, according to a report released Tuesday by the US Government Accountability Office.

    The whopping figure, which equates to as much as 15% of total unemployment benefits distributed during the pandemic, is a notable bump up from the $60 billion the watchdog agency had previously estimated in January.

    In comments on a draft of the GAO report, the Department of Labor said the office is likely overestimating the actual amount of fraud. However, the department’s Office of Inspector General in February said in testimony before a House committee that at least $191 billion in pandemic unemployment benefits payments could have been improper, with “a significant portion attributable to fraud.”

    The GAO pushed back on the department’s assertions in its report and stood by the methodology used.

    “Given that not all potential fraud will be investigated and adjudicated through judicial or other systems, the full extent of UI fraud during the pandemic will likely never be known with certainty,” the GAO report said. “Therefore, it is appropriate to rely on estimates, such as ours, to make more comprehensive conclusions about the extent of fraud in the UI programs during the pandemic.”

    The findings released on Tuesday shed light on the numerous schemes to steal money from a range of hastily implemented pandemic relief programs, which have drawn the attention of congressional lawmakers and prompted legislative action. Last year, President Joe Biden signed two bipartisan bills into law aimed at holding individuals who commit fraud under pandemic relief programs accountable.

    “My message to those cheats out there is this: You can’t hide. We’re going to find you. We’re going to make you pay back what you stole and hold you accountable under the law,” the president said at the time.

    The House of Representatives also passed a bill in May that would help recover fraudulent unemployment insurance benefits paid out during the pandemic. The bill, however, has not been brought to a vote in the Senate.

    Fraud within the nation’s unemployment system skyrocketed after Congress enacted a historic expansion of the program in March 2020. State unemployment agencies were overwhelmed with record numbers of claims and relaxed some requirements in an effort to get the money out the door quickly to those who had lost their jobs.

    But the enhanced payments and lax controls quickly attracted criminals from around the world. States and Congress subsequently tightened their verification requirements in an attempt to combat the fraud, particularly in the Pandemic Unemployment Assistance program, which allowed freelancers, gig workers and others to collect benefits for the first time.

    More than $888 billion in federal and state unemployment benefits were paid from the end of March 2020 through early September 2021, when all the pandemic enhancements ended nationwide, according to the Labor Department Office of Inspector General.

    The GAO report said the “unprecedented demand for benefits and need to quickly implement the new programs increased the risk of fraud.”

    Other pandemic relief programs were also the target of criminals. The GAO in May flagged 3.7 million recipients of Small Business Administration funds as having “warning signs consistent with potential fraud.” The SBA doled out $1 trillion to help small businesses during the pandemic through measures including the Paycheck Protection Program and Covid-19 Economic Injury Disaster Loan program. More than 10 million small businesses were assisted.

    Some of the fraudulent claims have been recouped. States identified $5.3 billion in fraudulent unemployment benefits overpayments and has recovered $1.2 billion, according to the GAO.

    A Justice Department spokesperson told CNN on Tuesday that as of August 30, the department has charged more than 3,000 people for pandemic related fraud.

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    August 2, 2023
  • Rand Paul Fast Facts | CNN Politics

    Rand Paul Fast Facts | CNN Politics

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    CNN
     — 

    Here’s a look at the life of Rand Paul, US senator from Kentucky.

    Birth date: January 7, 1963

    Birth place: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

    Birth name: Randal Howard Paul

    Father: Ron Paul, former presidential candidate and retired US representative from Texas

    Mother: Carol (Wells) Paul

    Marriage: Kelley (Ashby) Paul

    Children: Robert, Duncan and William

    Education: Attended Baylor University, 1981-1984; Duke University School of Medicine, M.D., 1988

    Religion: Christian

    Practiced as an ophthalmologist for 18 years.

    Former president and longtime member of the Lions Club International.

    Was active in the congressional and presidential campaigns of his father, Ron Paul.

    1993 – Completes his ophthalmology residency at Duke University Medical Center.

    1994 – Founds grassroots organization Kentucky Taxpayers United, which monitors state taxation and spending. It is legally dissolved in 2000.

    1995 – Founds the Southern Kentucky Lions Eye Clinic, a non-profit providing eye exams and surgeries to those in need.

    August 5, 2009 – Announces on Fox News that he is running as a Republican for the US Senate to represent Kentucky.

    May 18, 2010 – Defeats Secretary of State Trey Grayson in the Kentucky GOP Senate primary.

    May 19, 2010 – In interviews with NPR and MSNBC, while answering questions about the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Paul expresses strong abhorrence for racism, but says that it is the job of communities, not the government, to address discrimination. Paul later releases a statement saying that he supports the Civil Rights Act and would not support its repeal.

    November 2, 2010 – Paul is elected to the Senate, defeating Jack Conway.

    January 5, 2011 – Sworn in for the 112th Congress. It is the first time a son joins the Senate while his father concurrently serves in the House. Ron Paul retires from the House in 2013.

    January 27, 2011 – Participates in the inaugural meeting of the Senate Tea Party Caucus with Senators Mike Lee and Jim DeMint.

    February 22, 2011 – Paul’s book “The Tea Party Goes to Washington” is published.

    September 11, 2012 – Paul’s book “Government Bullies: How Everyday Americans Are Being Harassed, Abused, and Imprisoned by the Feds” is published. He is later accused of plagiarism in some of his speeches and writings, including in “Government Bullies.” Paul ultimately takes responsibility, saying his office had been “sloppy” and pledging to add footnotes to all of his future material.

    February 12, 2013 – Delivers the Tea Party response to President Barack Obama’s State of the Union address.

    March 6-7, 2013 – Paul speaks for almost 13 hours, filibustering to stall a confirmation vote on CIA Director nominee John Brennan.

    February 12, 2014 – Paul and the conservative group FreedomWorks file a class-action lawsuit against Obama and top national security officials over the government’s electronic surveillance program made public by intelligence leaker Edward Snowden. The lawsuit is later dismissed.

    December 2, 2014 – Paul announces his bid for a second term in the Senate.

    April 7, 2015 – Paul announces his candidacy for the Republican presidential nomination during an event in Louisville, Kentucky.

    May 20, 2015 – After 10 hours and 30 minutes, Paul ends his “filibuster” over National Security Agency surveillance programs authorized under the Patriot Act. Paul’s speech wasn’t technically a filibuster because of intricate Senate rules, but his office insists it was a filibuster.

    August 5, 2015 – The Justice Department indicts two officials from a Rand Paul Super PAC for conspiracy and falsifying campaign records. During the 2012 presidential primary season, Jesse Benton and John Tate allegedly bribed an Iowa state senator to get him to endorse Ron Paul. Benton and Tate go on to help run one of the Super PACs supporting Rand Paul, America’s Liberty PAC. Both men are later convicted.

    February 3, 2016 – Announces that he is suspending his campaign for the presidency.

    November 8, 2016 – Wins a second term in the Senate, defeating Democrat Jim Gray.

    November 3, 2017 – A neighbor assaults Paul at his home in Bowling Green, Kentucky, which results in six broken ribs and a pleural effusion – a build-up of fluid around the lungs. The attorney representing Paul’s neighbor, Rene Boucher, later says that the occurrence had “absolutely nothing” to do with politics and was “a very regrettable dispute between two neighbors over a matter that most people would regard as trivial.” Boucher, who pleaded guilty to the assault, is sentenced in June 2018 to 30 days in prison with a year of supervised release.

    August 2018 – Goes to Moscow and meets with Russian lawmakers, extending an invitation to visit the United States. While abroad, Paul tweets that he delivered a letter to Russian leader Vladimir Putin from US President Donald Trump. A White House spokesman later says that Paul asked Trump to provide a letter of introduction. After he returns, Paul says that he plans to ask Trump to lift sanctions on members of the Russian legislature so they can come to Washington for meetings with their American counterparts.

    January 29, 2019 – A jury awards him more than $580,000 in his lawsuit against the neighbor who attacked him in 2017. The amount includes punitive damages and payment for pain and suffering as well as medical damages.

    August 5, 2019 – Paul says part of his lung had to be removed by surgery following the 2017 attack by Boucher.

    March 22, 2020 – Paul announces that he has tested positive for the novel coronavirus, becoming the first US senator to test positive for coronavirus.

    August 10, 2021 – Paul is suspended from YouTube for seven days over a video claiming that masks are ineffective in fighting Covid-19, according to a YouTube spokesperson.

    November 8, 2022 – Wins reelection to the Senate for a third term.

    October 10, 2023 – Paul’s book “Deception: The Great Covid Cover-Up” is published.

    Rand Paul’s political life

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    August 2, 2023
  • Meta’s Threads is temporarily blocking searches about Covid-19 | CNN Business

    Meta’s Threads is temporarily blocking searches about Covid-19 | CNN Business

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    CNN
     — 

    Threads, the much-hyped social media app from Facebook-parent Meta, is taking heat for blocking searches for “coronavirus,” “Covid,” and other pandemic-related queries.

    The tech giant’s decision to block coronavirus-related searches on its service comes as the United States deals with a recent uptick in Covid-19 hospitalizations, per CDC data, and more than three years into the global pandemic.

    News of Threads blocking searches related to the coronavirus was first reported by The Washington Post.

    A Meta spokesperson told CNN that the company just began rolling out keyword search for Threads to additional countries last week.

    “The search functionality temporarily doesn’t provide results for keywords that may show potentially sensitive content,” the statement added. “People will be able to search for keywords such as ‘COVID’ in future updates once we are confident in the quality of the results.” 

    As of Monday, searches on the Threads app conducted by CNN for “coronavirus,” “Covid” and “Covid-19” yielded a blank page with the text: “No results.” Searches for “vaccine” also prompted no results. Typing any of these queries into the Threads app does, however, offer a link directing users to the CDC’s website on Covid-19 or vaccinations, depending on the search.

    Meta did not disclose what other keyword searches currently yield no results.

    Meta’s Facebook and other social media platforms faced controversy in the early part of the pandemic for the apparent spread of Covid-19-related misinformation online.

    Meta officially launched Threads in early July, and the app quickly garnered more than 100 million sign-ups in its first week on the heels of months of chaos at Twitter, which is now known as X. But much of the buzz faded somewhat in the weeks that followed as users realized the bare-bones platform still lacked many of the features that made X popular with users.

    Threads released its much-requested web version late last month, and its keyword search about a week ago. But the current limitations around its search function highlights how the platform still has some kinks to work through before it can fully replace the real-time search and engagement experience that social media users have historically relied on with X.

    –CNN’s Clare Duffy contributed to this report.

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    August 2, 2023
  • Extroverts More Likely to Resist Vaccines, Study Shows

    Extroverts More Likely to Resist Vaccines, Study Shows

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    Newswise — EL PASO, Texas (Aug. 2, 2023) – Which types of personalities were more hesitant about COVID-19 vaccination during the pandemic’s peak? Extroverts — according to a new study on more than 40,000 Canadians.

    “We expected that people who were especially high in extroversion would be more likely to get the vaccine,” said Melissa Baker, Ph.D., lead author and assistant professor at The University of Texas at El Paso. “We figured those people would want to get back out in the world and socialize, right? It’s actually the opposite.”

    The findings, published in the journal Frontiers in Psychology, can help with future public health messaging and vaccination campaigns, according to the team of scientists, based at UTEP and the University of Toronto. It also offers a unique perspective in vaccine hesitancy research, a field that has largely focused on political affiliation.

    “We wanted to look at vaccine hesitancy a different way,” said Baker who is a member of the Department of Political Science and Public Administration. “Of course, politics can help explain some of it, but there are personal differences between people, too — and that led us to this personality aspect.”

    The study is based on surveys of more than 40,000 Canadian adults, taken between November 2020 and July 2021. Online questions evaluated each participant’s personality, based on a model known as “big five,” which gauges an individual’s openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and emotional stability. 

    Additional questions probed how respondents felt about vaccination. One question, for example, asked, “When a COVID-19 vaccine becomes available, will you be vaccinated?” As the vaccine rollout began, questions were altered to reflect their availability.

    Most of the team’s hypotheses were supported. For instance, people who were more open and agreeable were more likely to get the vaccine.

    “Those are the kind of people who are open to new things, new information and just like to go with the flow,” Baker said. “We also expected that for people with high conscientious because they are detail-oriented and big planners.”

    On the other hand, those with low emotional stability — or those who experience extreme emotions — were less likely to be vaccinated. And extroverts, to their surprise, were 18 percent more likely to refuse the vaccine.

    While the pandemic is over, the team said the findings could help with future public health messaging strategies for vaccination from various diseases, not just COVID-19.

    Baker explained, “If we know you need to reach a certain type of personality, we can think about the message that will actually reach and persuade that person.

    ###

     About The University of Texas at El Paso 

    The University of Texas at El Paso is America’s leading Hispanic-serving University. Located at the westernmost tip of Texas, where three states and two countries converge along the Rio Grande, 84% of our 24,000 students are Hispanic, and half are the first in their families to go to college. UTEP offers 169 bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degree programs at the only open-access, top-tier research university in America.

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    University of Texas at El Paso

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    August 2, 2023
  • Mutation accessibility fuels influenza evolution

    Mutation accessibility fuels influenza evolution

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    Newswise — (Memphis, Tenn.—July 28, 2023) The influenza (flu) virus is constantly undergoing a process of evolution and adaptation through acquiring new mutations. Scientists at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital have added a new layer of understanding to explain why and how flu viruses change. The “survival of the accessible” model provides a complementary view to the more widely recognized “survival of the fittest” way of evolving. The work was published today in Science Advances.  

    Viruses undergo a rapid evolutionary flux due to constant genetic mutations. This rapid flux is why people get a flu shot every year, as we need to tackle the latest flu variant that has emerged as the dominant strain. We often see these mutations in the context of traditional evolutionary thinking, where variant fitness determines which mutated virus emerges as a dominant strain in a population. The St. Jude team investigated this theory and defined an alternative evolutionary principle, which they propose is a key driver of evolution, termed “variant accessibility.” 

    The research, led by Alexander Gunnarsson, Ph.D., and M. Madan Babu, Ph.D., St. Jude Department of Structural Biology and Center of Excellence for Data-Driven Discovery, involved creating a model of mutational accessibility to help predict how and why specific mutations emerge in a population during viral evolution.  

     

    The unappreciated role of variant accessibility 

    The genomic alphabet only has four letters representing the nucleotides: (A)denosine, (T)hymine, (G)uanine, and (C)ytosine. Groups of three nucleotides within a protein-coding gene are called a codon. Codons act like a recipe for assembling proteins, encoding for a specific amino acid. Mutations occur when nucleotides are altered, for instance, during replication. This alteration leads to a different amino acid being used to make the protein. But not all mutations are equally likely to emerge, as Babu and Gunnarsson discovered.  

    “The process of genetic replication has inherent biases built in, such as the relative ease of an A to be mutated to a C rather than to a G,” Babu explained. “This means that the pool of mutants with this A-to-C mutation is larger, and surviving variants will predominantly emerge from that particular pool, even though there may be a fitter sequence with an A-to-G mutation.” 

    Using the influenza virus as a case study, Gunnarsson and Babu translated this concept into a mathematical model. Their model enables researchers to predict the path of future evolution based on the accessibility of a mutation. Of particular interest was exploring how specific protein sites can gain or lose the ability to be modified after acquiring a mutation. They then examined how this gain or loss influenced the protein’s function.  

    Phosphorylation is an example of such a modification. It occurs when a phosphate molecule is added to specific amino acids of a protein. In terms of the flu, phosphorylation can help the virus hijack the host molecular pathways for mediating successful infection. Such mutations may have been critical to influenza pandemics of the past, and it is these datasets that Gunnarsson and Babu used to develop their model. 

     

    The importance of jackpot events 

    The model also helped the researchers better understand a long-conceptualized mutation property, the jackpot event. These are mutations that occur by chance early in the growth of a population, leading to a continuous benefit seen throughout the descendants. “The more accessible a genotype is, the more frequent these specific jackpot events are because it’s simply a probabilistic event,” Gunnarsson explained. “If a particular gene is a hundred times more likely to acquire a specific mutation, you’ll see that jackpot event happening proportionately more frequently. These events are important in evolution and are driven primarily by how accessible the variants are.”  

    More accessible mutations are likely to be predominant in a population even though they may not be the fittest mutation. “If the probability of acquiring the fittest mutation is one out of hundreds of trillions,” Gunnarsson said, “the likelihood of it reaching fixation in a population, even if it’s the fittest mutation, is low. When you have multiple instances of jackpot mutations happening, statistically, the prevalence of this variant increases massively, even if it’s less fit compared to another, more fit but less accessible mutant.” 

     

    Furthering our understanding of mutational bias and predicting outcomes in evolving systems 

    The concept of variant accessibility is elegant in its simplicity, but like most things in nature, it is a balance of statistical probabilities. From the mutation event and differences in the probability of certain nucleotide changes to codon redundancy (multiple codons for the same amino acid), it is a delicate balance between components that drives evolutionary pathways.  

    “Furthering our understanding of biochemical mutational biases (e.g., during replication) in viruses can open up new directions and possibilities because it’ll give much better insights into how a virus is likely to evolve,” Babu stated. In fact, the model is being applied to historical data about how the flu virus has changed within the framework of mutational accessibility to predict viral evolution more accurately.  

    The ability to predict viral evolutionary outcomes based on accessibility has piqued the interest of influenza expert Richard Webby, Ph.D., of St. Jude Department of Host-Microbe Interactions and Director of the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds. 

    “There are many scenarios in public health where we try and predict the evolutionary path of influenza viruses, including selecting the most appropriate vaccines for future influenza,” Webby said. “The ‘survival of the accessible’ model will empower these predictions and allow us to identify viruses more likely to take on worrying traits more confidently.” 

    This model also applies beyond influenza or even virology and steers further research into mutational biases in different diseases. In cancer, for example, the model can help answer numerous questions about pathology, such as why particular cancer-driving or drug-resistance mutations repeatedly surface.  

    “Our model can be applied to help predict whether a particular type of mutation is likely to emerge as a tumor driver or as a resistant mutation to a specific treatment,” Babu stated. “We hope our work will spur research into characterizing mutational biases driving viral and tumor evolution. If we can quantify and better understand the biochemical processes contributing to mutational bias, that will be invaluable to predict mutational outcomes in evolving genetic systems. The ability to predict outcomes before they happen will allow us to be prepared when they eventually unfold.” 

     

    Authors and funding 

    The study was supported by grants from the Medical Research Council (MC_U105185859) and ALSAC, the fundraising and awareness organization of St. Jude. 

     

     

    St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital  

    St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital is leading the way the world understands, treats and cures childhood cancer, sickle cell disease and other life-threatening disorders. It is the only National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center devoted solely to children. Treatments developed at St. Jude have helped push the overall childhood cancer survival rate from 20% to 80% since the hospital opened more than 60 years ago. St. Jude shares the breakthroughs it makes to help doctors and researchers at local hospitals and cancer centers around the world improve the quality of treatment and care for even more children. To learn more, visit stjude.org, read St. Jude Progress blog, and follow St. Jude on social media at @stjuderesearch.   

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    July 28, 2023
  • New Resource Harmonizes 16S and Shotgun Sequencing Data for Microbiome Research

    New Resource Harmonizes 16S and Shotgun Sequencing Data for Microbiome Research

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    Newswise — Two leading sequencing techniques are no longer at odds, thanks to an international effort led by scientists at University of California San Diego. In a study published July 27, 2023 in Nature Biotechnology, the researchers debuted a new reference database called Greengenes2, which makes it possible to compare and combine microbiome data derived from either 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon (16S) or shotgun metagenomics sequencing techniques.

    “This is a significant moment in microbiome research, as we’ve effectively rescued over a decade’s worth of 16S data that might have otherwise become obsolete in the modern world of shotgun sequencing,” said senior author Rob Knight, PhD, professor in the departments of Pediatrics at UC San Diego School of Medicine and Bioengineering and Computer Science at UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering. “Standardizing results across these two methods will significantly improve our chances of discovering microbiome biomarkers for health and disease.”

    Microbiome studies depend on scientists’ ability to identify which microorganisms are present in a sample. To do this, they sequence the genetic information in the sample and compare it to reference databases that list which sequences belong to which organisms. 16S and shotgun sequencing are the two techniques most widely used in microbiome research, but they often yield different results.

    “Many researchers assumed that data from 16S and shotgun sequencing were simply too different to ever be integrated,” said first author of the study Daniel McDonald, PhD, scientific director of The Microsetta Initiative at UC San Diego School of Medicine. “Here we show that is not the case, and provide a reference database that researchers can now use to do just that.”

    The original Greengenes database had been widely used in the microbiome field for well over a decade. It was the reference database used by notable projects including the National Institutes of Health Human Microbiome Project, the American Gut Project, the Earth Microbiome Project and many others.

    However, one of its fundamental limitations was that it relied on the sequence of a single gene, 16S, to identify the organisms in a sample. This well-studied gene has long been used as a taxonomic marker, with each organism having its own 16S “barcode.” This method can describe the contents of a microbiome sample with genus-level resolution, but it cannot always identify specific species or strains of microbes, which is important for clinical work.

    Modern microbiome studies have since transitioned to using shotgun sequencing, which looks at DNA from all over the organisms’ genomes, rather than focusing on only one gene. This powerful approach gives researchers more species-level specificity and also provides insight into the microbes’ function.

    Scientists often attributed the discrepancies between the two techniques to differences in the way the samples are prepared in the lab. However, the new study demonstrates that incompatibilities between the two techniques arise from differences in computation, where a better reference database allows for the same conclusions to be drawn from both methods. This addresses an important issue in the reproducibility of microbiome research and allows the re-use of data from millions of samples in older studies.

    In trying to resolve these incompatibilities, the researchers first expanded the Web of Life whole genome database. They then used several new computational tools developed with co-author Siavash Mirarab, PhD, associate professor at UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering, to integrate existing high-quality full-length 16S sequences into the whole-genome phylogeny. With another machine learning tool developed by Mirarab’s group, they placed 16S fragments from over 300,000 microbiome samples. The result was an expansive reference database that both 16S and shotgun sequencing data could be mapped onto.

    To confirm whether Greengenes2 would help standardize findings from either sequencing technique, the researchers acquired both 16S and shotgun sequencing data from the same human microbiome samples and analyzed them both against the backdrop of the Greengenes2 phylogeny. The results from both techniques showed highly correlated diversity assessments, taxonomic profiles and effect sizes — something researchers had not seen before.

    “Through Greengenes2, a huge repository of 16S data can now be brought back into the fold and even combined with modern shotgun data in new meta-analyses,” said McDonald. “This is a major step forward in improving the reproducibility of microbiome studies and strengthening physicians’ ability to draw clinical conclusions from microbiome data.”

    Co-authors include: Yueyu Jiang, Metin Balaban, Kalen Cantrell, Antonio Gonzalez, Giorgia Nicolaou, Se Jin Song and Andrew Bartko, all at UC San Diego, as well as Qiyun Zhu at Arizona State University, James T. Morton at the National Institutes of Health, Donovan H. Parks and Philip Hugenholtz at The University of Queensland, Søren Karst at Columbia University, Mads Albertsen at Aalborg University, Todd DeSantis at Second Genome, Aki S. Havulinna, Pekka Jousilahti, Teemu Niiranen and Veikko Salomaa at the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Susan Cheng at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Mike Inouye at University of Cambridge and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Mohit Jain at Sapient Bioanalytics and Leo Lahti at University of Turku.

    This work was funded, in part, by the National Science Foundation (grants XSEDE BIO210103 and RAPID 20385.09), the National Institutes of Health (grants 1R35GM142725, U19AG063744, U24DK131617, DP1-AT010885), the Emerald Foundation 3022, Danone Nutricia Research, the Center for Microbiome Innovation and the intramural research program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

    # # #

    Disclosures: Rob Knight is a consultant and advisory board member with equity and income in BiomeSense related to the proposed PHS-funded research.

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    University of California San Diego

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    July 27, 2023
  • HIV patients can safely undergo hip replacement, study finds

    HIV patients can safely undergo hip replacement, study finds

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    Newswise — DALLAS – July 26, 2023 – Hip replacement surgery is safe for patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center found.

    Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a common procedure performed primarily on older patients suffering from osteoarthritis or osteonecrosis, painful conditions that severely limit mobility and lifestyle choices. But some surgeons have been hesitant to perform THAs on patients with HIV or AIDS due to concerns about complications, including higher risk of infection, need for revision surgery, and increased length of hospital stay.

    “Patients living with HIV are at a higher risk for orthopedic-related diseases such as osteoarthritis or osteonecrosis of the hip due to changes in their bone metabolism and effects from their medication regimen,” said Senthil Sambandam, M.D., Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, who led the study. “With improvements in HIV treatment leading to increased life expectancies, we are seeing a rise in the need for THA procedures in this patient population. Our study demonstrates that HIV-positive patients can safely undergo THA without concern for increased risk of complications and adds to the growing amount of literature that encourages surgeons to deliver appropriate medical care to a marginalized patient population.”

    Using data from the National Inpatient Sample covering 2016-2019, UTSW researchers identified 504 HIV-positive patients who underwent THAs and compared their postoperative complications to a cohort of 493 HIV-negative patients. Their findings, published in the Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma, showed that postoperative complications such as pneumonia, periprosthetic infection, wound dehiscence (reopening), and superficial and deep surgical site infection were not significantly different between the HIV-positive and HIV-negative groups. Blood transfusion rates also were lower among the HIV-positive patients.

    The study was part of a larger effort by the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery to analyze arthroplasty complications in various subpopulations in support of UTSW’s commitment to the care of marginalized patient populations and equal treatment for every patient.

    “These are important findings because they can help alleviate worries among the medical community about treating a group of patients who are often overlooked,” Dr. Sambandam said. “It’s an important quality-of-life issue for many HIV-positive patients.”

    Other UTSW researchers who contributed to this study are Varatharaj Mounasamy, M.D., Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery; Ashish R. Chowdary, B.S., medical student; and Jack Beale, M.D., and Jack Martinez, M.D., residents in Orthopaedic Surgery.

    About UT Southwestern Medical Center  
    UT Southwestern, one of the nation’s premier academic medical centers, integrates pioneering biomedical research with exceptional clinical care and education. The institution’s faculty has received six Nobel Prizes, and includes 26 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 19 members of the National Academy of Medicine, and 14 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators. The full-time faculty of more than 2,900 is responsible for groundbreaking medical advances and is committed to translating science-driven research quickly to new clinical treatments. UT Southwestern physicians provide care in more than 80 specialties to more than 100,000 hospitalized patients, more than 360,000 emergency room cases, and oversee nearly 4 million outpatient visits a year.

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    July 26, 2023
  • Extensive Study Reveals Vaccination Numbers Required to Prevent COVID-19 Hospitalizations and ED Visits

    Extensive Study Reveals Vaccination Numbers Required to Prevent COVID-19 Hospitalizations and ED Visits

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    Newswise — An analysis of real-world data from more than 1.2 million patients from health systems in four geographically dispersed states — Indiana, Oregon, Texas and Utah — conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s VISION Network, has determined both the number of adults needed to be vaccinated to prevent one COVID-19 associated hospitalization and the number needed to be vaccinated to prevent one COVID-19 associated emergency department (ED) visit.

    This study is one of the first, largest and most comprehensive studies to present clear measurement, by age groups, of how widespread vaccination needs to be to provide protection against serious and moderate disease in adults.

    Preventing a hospitalization indicates that vaccination provided protection against severe disease. Preventing an ED visit indicates that vaccination provided protection against moderate disease.

    “The number needed to be vaccinated or more technically, ‘number needed to vaccinate,’ comes from the related concept of ‘number needed to treat’ — how many must be treated to avoid one bad outcome. One can think of number needed to treat or vaccinate as similar to how much gas you need, or how hard you need to push on the gas pedal to accelerate,” said study co-author Shaun Grannis, M.D., M.S., Regenstrief Institute Vice President for Data and Analytics and the Regenstrief Professor of Medical Informatics at Indiana University of School of Medicine. “Knowing the number of patients who need to be vaccinated is a way of measuring how effective the vaccine is. The lower the number of patients needed to be vaccinated, the more effective the vaccine. If we can prevent more hospitalizations with fewer vaccinations, that’s important to know.  

    “Knowing the number of patients needed to be vaccinated helps us plan on the volume of vaccine needed and the type of awareness and education that we want to provide. This number informs decision-making processes by public health officials, vaccine producers, health systems and others.”

    The study found that the number of patients needed to be vaccinated to prevent one COVID-19-associated hospitalization was higher than the number needed to vaccinate to prevent one COVID-19 associated ED visit, reflecting differences in outcome severity. These numbers were dependent on patient risk factors as well as local disease incidence.

    The number needed to be vaccinated to prevent one COVID-19-associated hospitalization ranged from 44 to 615 (median was 205) individuals and was lower for adults aged 65 years or older and for those with underlying medical conditions. The number needed to be vaccinated decreased as the population became older because older individuals are more susceptible to the adverse effects of the virus and, therefore, the vaccine provides greater protection.

    The number of patients needed to be vaccinated to prevent COVID-19-associated ED visits showed a different pattern because vaccines were more effective at preventing ED visits among younger adults than older ones. The median number needed to be vaccinated to prevent one ED visit ranged from 75 to 592 (median was 156) individuals.

    Information from patients who had received either two or three mRNA vaccine doses was analyzed. None were immunocompromised. Data was from December 2021- February 2022, a period of Omicron BA.1 variant predominance.

    “The reason why the number of patients needed to be vaccinated to prevent a COVID-19 related hospitalization is different from the number needed to prevent an ED (Emergency Department) visit is not fully understood, but it is likely because of how people seek healthcare. Many people, especially younger ones who lack health insurance or Medicare, are more likely to use the ED for primary healthcare. On the other hand, older people usually go to their regular doctor instead of going to the ED,” Dr. Grannis observed.

    “Number needed to vaccinate with a COVID-19 booster to prevent a COVID-19-associated hospitalization during SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant predominance, December 2021-February 2022, VISION Network: a retrospective cohort study” is published in The Lancet Regional Health–Americas.

    Regenstrief Institute co-authors, in addition to Dr. Grannis, are Interim Director of the Center for Biomedical Informatics Brian Dixon, PhD, MPA; William F. Fadel, PhD and Nimish R. Valvi, DrPH. Peter Embí, M.D., former president of the Regenstrief Institute and current affiliated scientist, is also a co-author.

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    July 24, 2023
  • Fly Toolkit Created for Investigating COVID-19 Infection Mechanisms

    Fly Toolkit Created for Investigating COVID-19 Infection Mechanisms

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    Newswise — Millions of deaths and ongoing illnesses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have prompted scientists to seek new ways of understanding how viruses so skillfully enter and reprogram human cells. Urgent innovations leading to the development of new therapies are needed since virologists predict that future deadly viruses and pandemics may again emerge from the coronavirus family.

    One approach to developing new treatments for such coronaviruses, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19, is to block the mechanisms by which the virus reprograms our cells and forces them to produce more viral particles. But studies have identified nearly 1,000 human proteins that have the potential to bind with viral proteins, creating overwhelming challenges in identifying which of the many possible interactions are most relevant to infection.

    A multi-institutional collaboration has now developed a toolkit in fruit flies (Drosophila) to sort through the pile of possibilities. The new Drosophila COVID Resource (DCR) provides a shortcut for assessing key SARS-CoV-2 genes and understanding how they interact with candidate human proteins.

    The study, published in Cell Reports, was led by Annabel Guichard and Ethan Bier of the University of California San Diego and Shenzhao Lu, Oguz Kanca, Shinya Yamamoto and Hugo Bellen of the Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital.

    “A defining feature of viruses is their ability to rapidly evolve—a characteristic that has proven particularly challenging in controlling the SARS-CoV-2 virus,” said Bier a professor in the UC San Diego School of Biological Sciences. “We envision that this new resource will offer researchers the ability to quickly assess the functional effects of factors produced by this once-in-a century pathogen as well as future naturally occurring variants.”

    The researchers designed the DCR as a versatile discovery system. It features an array of fruit fly lines that produce each of the 29 known SARS-CoV-2 proteins and more than 230 of their key human targets. The resource also offers more than 300 fly strains for analyzing the function of counterparts to human viral targets.

    “By harnessing the powerful genetic tools available in the fruit fly model system, we have created a large collection of reagents that will be freely available to all researchers,” Bellen said. “We hope these tools will aid in the systematic global analysis of in vivo interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 virus and human cells at the molecular, tissue and organ level and help in the development of new therapeutic strategies to meet current and future health challenges that may arise from the SARS-CoV-2 virus and related family members.”

    As they tested and analyzed the potential of the DCR, the researchers found that nine out of 10 SARS-CoV-2 proteins known as non-structural proteins (NSPs) they expressed in flies resulted in wing defects in adult flies. These defects can serve as a basis to understand how the viral proteins affect host proteins to disrupt or reorient essential cellular processes to benefit the virus.

    They also made an intriguing observation: one of these viral proteins, known as NSP8, functions as a type of hub, coordinating with other NSPs in a mutually reinforcing manner. NSP8 also strongly interacted with five of the 24 human binding candidate proteins, the researchers noted. They discovered that the human protein that exhibited the strongest interactions with NSP8 was an enzyme known as arginyltransferase 1, or “ATE1.”

    “ATE1 adds the amino acid arginine to other proteins to alter their functions,” said Guichard. “One such target of ATE1 is actin, a key cytoskeletal protein that is present in all of our cells.” Guichard noted that the researchers found much higher levels of arginine-modified actin than normal in fly cells when NSP8 and ATE1 were produced together. “Intriguingly, abnormal ring-like structures coated with actin formed in these fly cells,” she said, “and these were reminiscent of similar structures observed in human cells infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus.”

    However, when flies were given drugs that inhibit the activity of the human ATE1 enzyme, the effects of NSP8 were considerably reduced, offering a path to promising new therapeutics.

    Calling their method a “fly-to-bedside” resource, the researchers say these initial results are just the tip of the iceberg for drug screening. Eight of the other NSPs they tested also produced distinctive phenotypes, laying the groundwork for pinpointing other new drug candidates.

    “In several cases, identification of new candidate drugs targeting functionally important viral-human interactions might prove valuable in combination with existing anti-viral formulations such as Paxlovid,” said Bier. “These new discoveries may also provide clues to the causes of various long-COVID symptoms and strategies for future treatments.”

    The complete coauthor list includes: Annabel Guichard, Shenzhao Lu, Oguz Kanca, Daniel Bressan, Yan Huang, Mengqi Ma, Sara Sanz Juste, Jonathan Andrews, Kristy Jay, Marketta Sneider, Ruth Schwartz, Mei-Chu Huang, Danqing Bei, Hongling Pan, Liwen Ma, Wen-Wen Lin, Ankush Auradkar, Pranjali Bhagwat, Soo Park, Kenneth Wan, Takashi Ohsako, Toshiyuki Takano-Shimizu, Susan Celniker, Michael Wangler, Shinya Yamamoto, Hugo Bellen and Ethan Bier.

    Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health (grants R24OD022005-07S1, R24OD022005, R24OD031447, R24OD031447-02S1, R01GM117321, R01GM144608 and R01AI162911); the Kyoto Institute of Technology; the Tata Trusts in India to the Tata Institute for Genetics and Society at UC San Diego; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Christian Hospital; and a CAPES fellowship (88887.659907/2021-00).

    Note: Bier has equity interests in Synbal Inc., a company that may potentially benefit from the research results, and also serves on the board of directors and scientific advisory board of Synbal.

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    University of California San Diego

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    July 21, 2023
  • COVID pandemic is officially over in the U.S., excess-deaths data show

    COVID pandemic is officially over in the U.S., excess-deaths data show

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    The COVID-19 pandemic is definitively over, according to two recent reports focused on the same metric.

    That metric is excess deaths, a measure of the difference between the number of deaths that occurred through the pandemic years, beginning in March 2020, and the number that would be expected in a nonpandemic year, based on data from earlier years.

    At…

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    July 20, 2023
  • U.S. dollar could soon wipe out all of its post-pandemic gains, Soc Gen strategist warns

    U.S. dollar could soon wipe out all of its post-pandemic gains, Soc Gen strategist warns

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    The slide in the U.S. dollar in the last eight months could mean that mean all of its gains in the wake of the coronavirus pandemic will soon be lost, according to Kit Juckes, a macro strategist at Société Générale who has been a long-time currency analyst.

    Juckes said in a note shared with SocGen clients and the media on Tuesday that he expects the greenback could return to its lows from December 2020, the level it fell to during the pandemic given the market is pricing in an end to interest rate rises by the Federal Reserve this year.

    “As was the case in January/February before the SVB mini crisis, the market is anticipating the peak in US rates and a further narrowing relative rates. If nothing happens to scupper those expectations (another upside surprise in US growth, or further European growth disappointment) I would expect the Dollar Index to move closer but not all the way to, the lows at the end of 2020,” he said.

    “That won’t happen in a straight line and will require further interest rate convergence between the U.S. and other major economies, however.”

    Over the past week, investors’ expectations about the outlook for where U.S. interest rates are headed have shifted. Following lower-than-expected readings last week on U.S. June inflation, as measured by the consumer price index and the producer price index, many investors expect the Fed will raise its benchmark interest rate only once more when the central bank holds its policy meeting next week.

    Read this next: U.S. stocks benefiting from ‘sense of urgency’ as investors rush into equity mutual funds

    Fed-funds futures, which are used to bet on the expected path of interest rates, are pricing in nearly a 100% probability of a hike in July, but analysts also think rate cuts could come by the Fed’s January policy meeting, where futures markets already see a nearly 40% probability of a cut, according to CME’s FedWatch tool.

    This shift in expectations has triggered a wave of dollar-bearishness across Wall Street, with many top currency analysts opining that the path of least resistance for the U.S. dollar is likely lower.

    The ICE U.S. Dollar Index
    DXY,
    +0.13%
    ,
    a gauge of the dollar’s strength against a basket of major currencies, was trading modestly higher on Tuesday, up 0.1% at 99.96, but on Monday, the index touched its lowest level since mid-April 2022.

    Back in December 2020, it briefly broke below 90 to what was at the time its weakest level in more than two years.

    Read more: Why stocks could get a boost from a falling U.S. dollar

    Another important question for markets will be whether the dollar’s peak in late September 2022, when the dollar index traded just shy of 115, its highest level in more than two decades, will mark a long-term cyclical peak. As Juckes notes, the dollar has traded at a succession of higher lows since 2007.

    Another issue on Juckes’ radar: the prospect that the U.S. dollar and Chinese yuan
    USDCNY,
    +0.35%

    could weaken in tandem. Juckes said he expects the yuan to climb to 7.40 against the dollar by the end of the year, a level it hasn’t seen in roughly 15 years.

    The onshore renminbi, which incorporates the yuan’s more tightly controlled exchange rate within China, was trading at 7.18, with the dollar climbing 0.1%.

    While American consumers could see the price of imported goods rise and international travel become more expensive, a weaker dollar could also help boost U.S. equity prices, as earnings of exporters get a boost from the currency’s slide, and the chances of a global recession eases, as MarketWatch reported on Monday.

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    July 18, 2023
  • A doctor known for assessing Covid risk fell ill with the virus. Here’s what he wants you to know | CNN

    A doctor known for assessing Covid risk fell ill with the virus. Here’s what he wants you to know | CNN

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    CNN
     — 

    A doctor known for advising people on the risks of Covid-19 got a double surprise: He got Covid, and he wound up needing stitches because of it.

    Dr. Robert Wachter, who chairs the Department of Medicine at the University of California at San Francisco, said he had not tested positive for Covid until last week, according to posts from his Twitter account. He said he was fully vaccinated and had received his second bivalent booster in April.

    He said his symptoms started with a dry cough on July 9, and by that night, he had a fever, chills and a sore throat. Wachter said he made a mistake the following day when he took a shower while feeling these flu-like symptoms.

    “I work (sic) up in a bloody pool on my bathroom floor,” he wrote on Twitter. “There was a dent in the lid of a trashcan, likely where my head had hit. I remembered nothing. As I managed to get up, it was clear that my face was going to need stitches, and more than a couple.”

    Wachter said he required stitches on the back of his head and on his forehead, which he shared in a photo of himself with a black eye. He declined an interview to go into more detail about his illness and recovery.

    Wachter became a highly followed doctor on Twitter for sharing his own risk gauging and Covid advice during the pandemic, and he has urged people to get vaccinated. He said his Covid “case is a cautionary tale” and warned people to avoid the shower mistake he made.

    “While the instinct to take a shower when you’re sweaty and gross is understandable, stepping into hot water when you’re dehydrated and flu-ish can cause your blood vessels to dilate, leading to a dangerous drop in blood pressure,” Wachter wrote, adding that was exactly what happened to him earlier this week.

    He said he was lucky to have his future son-in-law available to drive him to the UCSF emergency room. He was admitted to the hospital.

    Doctors sent him for two CT scans and later an MRI, due to the extent of his injuries on the front and back of his head, he said.

    He said a head CT scan showed a subdural hematoma, which happens when blood collects between the brain and the skull. A neck fracture appeared in one of his vertebrae in another CT scan.

    Wachter’s MRI didn’t show any additional damage, he said. He added a message of thanks for his colleagues who stitched him back together.

    This is Dr. Robert Wachter that the world is used to seeing in an appearance on CNN in April 2022.

    “Luckily, at my age a few scars don’t bother me much, and I believe my wife likes me for reasons other than my previously seamless brow,” he said.

    After 24 hours in the emergency department, Wachter tweeted that he is home and isolating. He said he’s taking the anti-viral medication Paxlovid to help lessen the severity and duration of the illness, as well as the chance of long Covid.

    As far as future brushes with Covid, Wachter said he doesn’t think he will change his behavior, as long as cases remain low. “I’ll continue being relatively careful, but no more than I’ve been,” he said.

    While he has not treated any Covid patients, Wachter said he wears a KN95 mask in clinical settings. Sometimes he’s removed his mask in non-crowded meetings, he added.

    “I will, however, be more careful about showering or taking a hot bath or hot tub when dehydrated. That’s one important takeaway from this mess,” he said.

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    July 16, 2023
  • A Head Start on the Next Pandemic

    A Head Start on the Next Pandemic

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    Newswise — BALTIMORE, July 9, 2023 – The devastating COVID-19 pandemic occurred when the SARS-CoV-2 virus, native to a species of bats, mutated to infect humans. The transition of a pathogen from only imperiling animals to threatening humans is called “spillover.”

    Investigating viruses with spillover potential could give us a head start on the next pandemic and minimize its severity. One such virus is RshTT200, discovered in Cambodian bats in 2010. RshTT200 shares 92.6% of its genomic sequence with SARS-CoV-2 and has an 85% match with COVID-19’s infamous spike protein responsible for the virus’s entry into human cells.

    During the American Crystallographic Association’s 73rd annual meeting, which will be held July 7-11 at the Baltimore Marriott Waterfront Hotel, Samantha Zepeda, from the University of Washington, will present her team’s investigation into RshTT200 to prepare for the next potential spillover event. Her presentation will take place Sunday, July 9, at 4:00 p.m. Eastern in room Waterview CD.

    Currently, a few factors prevent RshTT200 from infecting human cells. In order for the virus to spill over, it must first be able to bind to the human ACE2 receptor on the surface of human cells. The spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and RshTT200 are an 85% match, but that 15% difference is enough to reduce the latter’s affinity to ACE2. The receptor binding domain in the spike protein exists in both open and closed conformations, but RshTT200 more strongly favors the closed conformation, which is incompetent for receptor binding. However, this conformational ensemble could change as the RshTT200 virus mutates.

    “There are several avenues that could enable RshTT200 to pose a threat to humans,” said Zepeda. “With the help of our collaborators in the Starr Lab at the University of Utah, we identified a single nucleotide mutation that was sufficient to enable RshTT200 to enter cells after binding to the human ACE2 receptor. We also know that mutations that make the receptor binding domain more open also enable cellular entry with human ACE2.”

    To understand how viruses such as RshTT200 could infect humans, Zepeda and her team used cryo-electron microscopy to solve the spike protein structure. Once the spike proteins were understood, they built harmless, nonreplicating pseudoviruses expressing the spike proteins to investigate how RshTT200 accesses human cells.

    Their work showed not only how RshTT200 could become the next pandemic but also how we could fight it.

    “One of the most promising things this work shows is which antibodies are broadly neutralizing against RshTT200,” Zepeda said. “In the event of an outbreak, we would already know how to stabilize the spike protein for the development of vaccines and have an idea of which antibodies could be used. This would put us months ahead compared to the knowledge that was available at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.”

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    ———————– MORE MEETING INFORMATION ———————–

    IMPORTANT LINKS

    Main meeting website: https://www.acameeting.com/ 
    Technical program: https://www.acameeting.com/full-program

    PRESS REGISTRATION FOR MEETING SESSIONS

    We will grant free registration for credentialed and professional freelance journalists who wish to attend the meeting sessions. If you are a reporter and would like to attend, contact the AIP Media Line at [email protected]. We can also help with setting up interviews and obtaining images, sound clips or background information.

    ABOUT AMERICAN CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION

    The American Crystallographic Association, Inc. is a nonprofit, scientific organization of more than 1,000 members in more than 35 countries. The ACA was founded in 1949 through a merger of the American Society for X-Ray and Electron Diffraction (ASXRED) and the Crystallographic Society of America (CSA). The objective of the ACA is to promote interactions among scientists who study the structure of matter at atomic (or near atomic) resolution. These interactions will advance experimental and computational aspects of crystallography and diffraction. Understanding the nature of the forces that both control and result from the molecular and atomic arrangements in matter will help shed light on chemical interactions in nature.

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    July 9, 2023
  • Bar-Ilan University study reveals disparity in quality of life among COVID-19 survivors from different ethnic groups

    Bar-Ilan University study reveals disparity in quality of life among COVID-19 survivors from different ethnic groups

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    Newswise — A new study conducted by researchers at Bar-Ilan University in Israel has shed light on the long-term impact of COVID-19 on the quality of life among different ethnic groups in the country. The study, part of a larger cohort project, highlights a significant discrepancy between Arabs and Druze, and Jews, with the two former groups experiencing a more pronounced decline in quality of life one year after infection.

    In this cohort study, researchers regularly followed up with individuals who had been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus to assess various aspects of their health. The findings, published in the International Journal of Public Health, demonstrate that the disparity in quality of life between ethnic groups remained even after accounting for socio-economic differences.

    “We embarked on this study to investigate the long-term effects of COVID-19 on minority groups in Israel given existing health inequalities in the country,” explains the study’s lead author Prof. Michael Edelstein, of the Azrieli Faculty of Medicine of Bar-Ilan University. Well-being was assessed using the EQ-5D quality of life instrument measuring five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. “Our results revealed that, while pre-COVID quality of life among Jews, Arabs, and Druze in our study was initially comparable, at the 12-month mark after infection the Arab and Druze participants reported a quality of life 11% lower than their Jewish counterparts,” adds Edelstein.

    The study’s findings carry important implications for understanding the enduring impact of COVID-19 beyond the acute phase of the pandemic. The research suggests that certain populations may be more susceptible to long-term symptoms and a diminished quality of life, exacerbating pre-existing health disparities. These findings not only have implications for Israel, but also provide valuable insights for global efforts to address the long-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.

    “The significance of our research lies in the ability to shed light on the ongoing impact of COVID-19, even as the disease transitions from a public health emergency to a persistent health concern,” emphasizes Prof. Edelstein. “By understanding how the virus affects different communities, we can work towards developing targeted interventions and support systems to mitigate the long-term effects on quality of life.”

    Dr. Jelte Elsinga, from Amsterdam University Medical Centre in Holland, led the analysis. The study was partially funded by a donation from the Harvey Goodstein Charitable Foundation.

    As part of the larger cohort project, multiple papers have already been published and several more are in progress. Moving forward, the research team will continue to explore the role of vaccines in mitigating the long-term impact of COVID-19, as well as investigate the pandemic’s economic consequences on employment and income among the study participants.

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    Bar-Ilan University

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    July 5, 2023
  • Long Covid not caused by COVID-19 immune inflammatory response, new research finds

    Long Covid not caused by COVID-19 immune inflammatory response, new research finds

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    Newswise — Long Covid, which affects nearly two-million people in the UK1, is not caused by an immune inflammatory reaction to COVID-19, University of Bristol-led research finds.  Emerging data demonstrates that immune activation may persist for months after COVID-19.

    In this new study, published in eLife today [4 July], researchers wanted to find out whether persistent immune activation and ongoing inflammation response could be the underlying cause of long Covid.  

    To investigate this, the Bristol team collected and analysed immune responses in blood samples from 63 patients hospitalised with mild, moderate or severe COVID-19 at the start of the pandemic and before vaccines were available. The team then tested patients’ immune responses at three months and again at eight and 12 months post hospital admission. Of these patients, 79% (82%, 75%, and 86% of mild, moderate, and severe patients, respectively) reported at least one ongoing symptom with breathlessness and excessive fatigue being the most common.

    Dr Laura Rivino, Senior Lecturer in Bristol’s School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and the study’s lead author, explained: “Long Covid occurs in one out of ten COVID-19 cases, but we still don’t understand what causes it.  Several theories proposed include whether it might be triggered by an inflammatory immune response towards the virus that is still persisting in our body, sending our immune system into overdrive or the reactivation of latent viruses such as human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV).”

    The team found patients’ immune responses at three months with severe symptoms displayed significant dysfunction in their T-cell profiles indicating that inflammation may persist for months even after they have recovered from the virus. Reassuringly, results showed that even in severe cases inflammation in these patients resolved in time. At 12 months, both the immune profiles and inflammatory levels of patients with severe disease were similar to those of mild and moderate patients.

    Patients with severe COVID-19 were found to display a higher number of long Covid symptoms compared to mild and moderate patients. However, further analysis by the team revealed no direct association between long Covid symptoms and immune inflammatory responses, for the markers that were measured, in any of the patients after adjusting for age, sex and disease severity.

    Importantly, there was no rapid increase in immune cells targeting SARS-CoV-2 at three months, but T-cells targeting the persistent and dormant Cytomegalovirus (CMV) — a common virus that is usually harmless but can stay in your body for life once infected with it— did show an increase at low levels. This indicates that the prolonged T-cell activation observed at three months in severe patients may not be driven by SARS-CoV-2 but instead may be “bystander driven” i.e. driven by cytokines. 

    Dr Rivino added: “Our findings suggest that prolonged immune activation and long Covid may correlate independently with severe COVID-19. Larger studies should be conducted looking at both a larger number of patients, including if possible vaccinated and non-vaccinated COVID-19 patients, and measuring a larger range of markers and cytokines.  

    “Understanding whether inflammation and immune activation associate with long Covid would allow us to understand whether targeting these factors may be a useful therapy for this debilitating condition.”

    The study was supported by the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute (EBI) with funding from the University of Bristol’s alumni and friends and Southmead Hospital Charity.

    Paper

    ‘Prolonged T-cell activation and long COVID symptoms independently associate with severe COVID-19 at 3 months’ by Marianna Santopaolo, Michaela Gregorova, Laura Rivino et al. in eLife [open access]

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    University of Bristol

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    July 4, 2023
  • Mario Vargas Llosa, Nobel-winning novelist, hospitalized with Covid-19 | CNN

    Mario Vargas Llosa, Nobel-winning novelist, hospitalized with Covid-19 | CNN

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    CNN
     — 

    Peruvian novelist and Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa has been hospitalized in Madrid with Covid-19, his son said Monday.

    “In light of the interest by the news media in our father’s health, we make public that he has been hospitalized since Saturday after being diagnosed with Covid-19,” Alvaro Vargas Llosa tweeted on behalf of himself and his siblings, Gonzalo and Morgana Vargas Llosa.

    The 87-year-old has been in hospital since July 1, surrounded by family, and is being treated by “excellent” professionals, the tweet added.

    Vargas Llosa lives in Madrid and holds Spanish as well as Peruvian citizenship.

    Born in Arequipa, Peru in 1936, Vargas Llosa was brought up by his mother until his father reappeared and brought an authoritarian change to his life.

    As well as the hostile environment at home, Vargas Llosa lived through Peru’s political turmoil, which saw the rise of dictator Manuel Odría in 1948.

    In 1963, he published his first novel, “The Time of the Hero,” a tale based on his own experience, about adolescents struggling to survive in a brutal military academy.

    Social change has been a key theme in his literary works, and in 1990 he ran unsuccessfully for President of Peru. Three years after this defeat, he became a Spanish citizen.

    In 2010, the Nobel Prize committee awarded him the Literature Prize, writing in its citation that he was receiving the prize “for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual’s resistance, revolt and defeat.”

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    July 3, 2023
  • Surging Monkey & Pig Populations Threaten Disease Risk

    Surging Monkey & Pig Populations Threaten Disease Risk

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    Newswise — Exploding populations of wild pigs and macaque monkeys in Southeast Asia are threatening native forests and disease outbreaks in livestock and people, according to research led by The University of Queensland.

    Dr Matthew Luskin, from UQ’s School of the Environment, and his team collated and analysed species population data from across the region, some of it collected with a network of cameras.

    “Macaques and wild pigs are taking over Southeast Asia’s disturbed forests,” Dr Luskin said.

    “Humans are largely to blame for this by altering forests with logging and establishing palm oil farms which provide food and ideal breeding conditions for these animals.

    “We saw that wild boar and macaque numbers were 400 per cent higher in forests near the plantations than in untouched environments.

    “These animals take full advantage of the farmland, raiding crops and thriving on calorie‐rich foods.”

    Setting and monitoring the camera traps provided Dr Luskin with an up-close experience of the exploding numbers.

    “I encountered huge troops of macaques in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia – they were everywhere in the forest edges, following us and interfering with our equipment,” Dr Luskin said.

    “At first it was frustrating but then was eerie as we became completely surrounded.”

    Dr Luskin said there were significant human health risks in the rising pig and macaque populations.

    “The wildlife origins of the COVID-19 pandemic show that mammals in human-modified ecosystems often host high pathogen loads and pose serious zoonotic disease risks,” he said.

    “Both pigs and macaques are recognised as carriers of diseases that can be transmitted to people and they’re the most common species in a region considered to be the global zoonotic disease hotspot.”

    Collaborator, Professor Carlos Peres from the University of East Anglia (UK), said abnormally high populations of wildlife species that are disease reservoirs often occur in human-modified tropical forests.

    “This study again shows that densely settled rural areas in Southeast Asia may be a source of future human epidemics,” he said.

    University of East Anglia and Southern University of Science and Technology (China) PhD candidate, Jonathan Moore, said the immediate effects of the population explosions could be seen on native flora in the affected regions.

    “Both pigs and macaques trigger negative cascading impacts in these pristine ecosystems,” Mr Moore said.

    “They kill the seeds and seedlings of native plants and eat bird and reptile eggs.

    “The Malaysian pigs alone were found to reduce rainforest tree regeneration by 62 per cent.”

    The researchers say action is needed to minimise population expansions of wild pigs and macaques.

    “Efforts to manage the populations of these species have failed in the past because of their rapid reproductive capacity and public outcry,” Dr Luskin said.

    “Nobody favours needless killing of wildlife but the negative social and ecological impacts from hyperabundant pest species does demand ethical and urgent management solutions.”

    The research is published in Biological Reviews.

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    University of Queensland

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    June 30, 2023
  • Half of global prison tuberculosis cases remain undetected

    Half of global prison tuberculosis cases remain undetected

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    Newswise — In 2019, incarcerated people across the globe developed tuberculosis (TB) at nearly 10 times the rate of people in the general population, according to a new study led by Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH).

    Published in The Lancet Public Health, the study found that 125,105 of the 11 million people incarcerated worldwide developed tuberculosis in 2019, a rate of 1,148 cases per 100,000 persons per year.

    Despite this high case rate, nearly half of TB cases among incarcerated people were not detected.

    The findings reveal the first global and regional estimates of new TB cases among incarcerated people, a population at high risk of developing this life-threatening disease. Collectively, the high case rate and low detection underscore the need for greater awareness and resources to reduce the burden of TB in prisons and other high-risk settings.

    “Our study showed that only 53 percent of people that develop tuberculosis in prisons are diagnosed, which suggests that incarcerated people are neglected and have minimal healthcare services to diagnose tuberculosis,” says study lead and corresponding author Dr. Leonardo Martinez, assistant professor of epidemiology at BUSPH.

    To better understand TB rates among this population, Dr. Martinez and colleagues acquired data from published research and from countries’ federal officials to analyze TB prevalence and incidence in 193 countries at the country, regional, and global level between 2000-2019. The team also calculated TB case detection rates per year in each country for 193 countries.

    The African region had the highest rate of new TB cases in 2019, at 2,242 cases per 100,000 persons per year, but the Americas region—largely driven by Central and South America—had the greatest number of total cases, which increased nearly 90 percent since 2000. The countries with the highest number of new cases in prisons in 2019 were Brazil, Russia, China, the Philippines, and Thailand.

    Importantly, the team found that new TB case rates remained consistently between 1,100 and 1,200 cases per 100,000 persons per year from 2012-2019.

    “This stagnation suggests that current tuberculosis control policy in prisons is insufficient to decrease the tuberculosis burden and that supplementary interventions and policy implementation are needed,” says Dr. C. Robert Horsburgh, professor of global health at BUSPH.

    Mass incarceration is one major driver of TB transmission—both inside and outside of prisons.  Overcrowding, where some prison cells contain up to 30 people, causes TB to “spread like wildfire,” Dr. Martinez says, and this transmission can spill over easily into the community.

    “Contrary to popular belief, persons that are incarcerated are a mobile population, and in many countries, the duration of incarceration is very short,” he says. “People go into prison, then come out, then may go back in again. So, very often, people that develop tuberculosis in prison end up transmitting the disease to many people outside of prison once they are released. Since almost half of people with tuberculosis in prisons are not diagnosed, many still remain infectious when they enter back into the general community.”

    The team hopes that these findings will encourage global and regional health organizations to develop routine monitoring of TB among incarcerated people, as they do for other high-risk populations such as people with HIV and household contacts. The researchers say that their comprehensive compilation of TB case notifications—which they retrieved directly from federal officials, national and regional organizations, and non-governmental organizations—is a clear indication that information about TB in prisons is both accessible and retrievable by global organizations such as the World Health Organization.

    The team is currently working with several health organizations to attempt to update global guidelines on how to manage and reduce TB in prisons, as the most recent guidelines were written in the year 2000.

    “One of the reasons this population is so neglected is because of the lack of data,” Dr. Martinez says. “Our hope is that these results can help stakeholders understand the urgency of the issue and the amount of people in prisons that develop tuberculosis and remain undiagnosed for long periods of time and can spur them to take action.”

    **

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    Boston University School of Public Health

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    June 30, 2023
  • Trump and DeSantis trade shots in New Hampshire showdown | CNN Politics

    Trump and DeSantis trade shots in New Hampshire showdown | CNN Politics

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    CNN
     — 

    Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis described former President Donald Trump as having over-promised and under-delivered on Tuesday, vowing in New Hampshire to “break the swamp” in Washington while faulting Trump for failing to deliver on his 2016 campaign promises to “drain” it.

    “If I tell you I’m going to do something, I’m not just saying that for an election,” DeSantis said in one of his sharpest attacks on the former president yet.

    Trump, meanwhile, mocked the size of DeSantis’ town hall crowds, telling attendees at a luncheon in Concord that “nobody showed up” to the Florida governor’s event a 40-minute drive south in Hollis.

    The two top-polling contenders for the GOP’s 2024 nomination circled each other Tuesday in New Hampshire, trading shots as they crisscrossed the state that hosts the first primary – after Iowa’s caucuses – and is a crucial momentum-builder.

    Their exchanges offered a preview of the months to come, with the Republican field having taken shape in recent weeks and the party’s first presidential debate less than two months away.

    Trump was blunt about why he was targeting DeSantis, rather than other GOP 2024 rivals, such as his former vice president, Mike Pence, or his former United Nations ambassador, Nikki Haley.

    “Somebody said, ‘How come you only attack him?’” Trump told the crowd in Concord. “I said, ‘Cause he’s in second place.’”

    “‘Well, why don’t you attack others?’” Trump said, repeating the question he said he was asked. “Because they’re not in second place. But soon, I don’t think he’ll be in second place, so I’ll be attacking somebody else.”

    The former president even praised two other GOP contenders, entrepreneur Vivek Ramaswamy, who he said is “actually a pretty good guy” after Ramaswamy said he would pardon Trump, and South Carolina Sen. Tim Scott, who he said “happens to be a very nice guy, actually.”

    Harping on early-state polls that show Trump with a lead in the GOP’s 2024 primary, Trump focused his attacks on DeSantis over his response to the Covid-19 pandemic in Florida and his past support for privatizing Social Security and Medicare.

    Trump argued that during the height of the coronavirus pandemic, DeSantis wanted “everything closed” in Florida and gave “very threatening speeches – you know, thinks he’s a tough guy.”

    He said DeSantis “loved Fauci,” referring to the government’s former top infectious disease expert, who was a central figure in the Trump administration’s response to the pandemic and recently retired during President Joe Biden’s administration.

    Trump’s remarks came shortly after DeSantis had fielded a voter’s question about Trump at a town hall in Hollis.

    A voter told DeSantis “most of us in this room voted to drain the swamp twice” and asked why he’s the one to “get it done this time as opposed to the other choice.”

    “I remember these rallies in 2016. It was exciting. ‘Drain the swamp.’ I also remember ‘Lock her up, lock her up,’ right? And then two weeks after the election, ‘Ah no, forget about it. Forget I ever said that.’ No, no, no. One thing you’ll get from me, if I tell you I’m going to do something, I’m not just saying that for an election,” DeSantis said.

    He said he doesn’t make promises he can’t follow through on, even if they might help him “marginally politically.” DeSantis also said just draining the swamp is not effective enough. Instead, he said he wants to “break” it.

    It was a riff on one of Trump’s signature 2016 campaign lines, and a suggestion that the former president had not delivered on his lofty promises to remake Washington.

    “The idea of draining the swamp, in some respects, I think it misses it a little bit,” DeSantis said. “We didn’t drain it. It’s worse today than it’s ever been by far. And that’s a sad testament to the state of affairs of our country. But even if you’re successful at draining it, the next guy can just refill it. So, I want to break the swamp. That’s really what we need to do.”

    The Florida governor said he would “drop the hammer” on some federal agencies, including the Justice Department, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Internal Revenue Service, and “end the weaponization of government.”

    “All of these agencies are going to be turned inside and out,” DeSantis said.

    His promise of a more aggressive approach than Trump’s ignores the potential legal hurdles he could encounter if elected next November. In Florida, more than a dozen legal battles testing the constitutionality of many of the victories DeSantis has touted on the campaign trail are ongoing. Critics say DeSantis has built his governorship around enacting laws that appeal to his conservative base but that, as a Harvard-trained lawyer, he knows are unconstitutional and not likely to take effect.

    The Florida governor’s remarks in New Hampshire came the day after he had taken aim at another signature Trump 2016 campaign pledge: DeSantis said that “not nearly enough” of the wall Trump had promised on the United States-Mexico border had been built.

    “For us, it’s going to be a national emergency on day one. This is going to be mobilizing all available assets on day one. We have a plan for all the different levers of authority that we have to be able to bring this to bear,” DeSantis said at the Rio Grande River on the U.S. Mexico Border in Maverick County, Texas, on Monday.

    In an effort to position himself to Trump’s political right on immigration enforcement, DeSantis also said he would be “more aggressive in terms of our plan than anything he did in empowering local officials to enforce immigration law.”

    Trump fired back on the issue later Tuesday in his second New Hampshire stop as he mingled with voters in Manchester at the opening of his campaign headquarters there, saying that DeSantis was promising to carry out policies that Trump had already enacted as president.

    “I saw DeSantis yesterday, he got up and said exactly what I was doing,” with his border and immigration policies, Trump said.

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    June 27, 2023
  • Celebrate Juneteenth by promoting Black health, wealth and joy | CNN

    Celebrate Juneteenth by promoting Black health, wealth and joy | CNN

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    CNN
     — 

    June 19, 2023 is the third annual observance of Juneteenth. The federal holiday commemorates June 19, 1865, when the enslaved people in Galveston, Texas, learned of their emancipation two years after President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

    Although Juneteenth has recently become more widely recognized, the date has long been a deeply spiritual time of remembrance and celebration for the Black community.

    Across the country, African Americans have rejoiced with fireworks and cookouts, sipping red drinks – a nod to ancestors’ bloodshed and endurance.

    “We know the horrors that we went through,” explained Kleaver Cruz, writer of the forthcoming book “The Black Joy Project” and creator of a digital initiative of the same name. “It’s always concurrent: the joy and the pain. We use one to get through the other.”

    On a particularly joyous note, this June 19, CNN and OWN (both properties of Warner Bros. Discovery) will simulcast Juneteenth: A Global Celebration for Freedom at 8 PM Eastern time. The concert will feature artists across multiple genres including Charlie Wilson, Miguel, Kirk Franklin, Nelly, SWV, Davido, Coi Leray, Jodeci and Mike Phillips. CNN will kick off pre-show coverage at 7 PM Eastern time, highlighting Black advocates, trailblazers, and creators.

    “We get to celebrate our freedoms; we get to celebrate the dismantling of things and lean into what we want in the future,” Cruz said of Juneteenth observance. “We want more of that space and less of the one that harms us.”

    The Black community still struggles with pain and inequity. Impact Your World has gathered ways you can help reject the pathology of racism and thoughtfully celebrate Juneteenth through non-profits that support Black health, wealth, joy, and overall empowerment. You can donate to those charities here.

    For Black Americans, the end of slavery was just the beginning of a 158-year quest for equality. Along the way, the cumulative effect of institutional and systemic racism fomented stark disparities in income, health, education, and opportunity.

    “Those that came before us were physically free but were unable to earn livable wages or receive an education without its share of defeating challenges,” said Marsha Barnes, Founder of The Finance Bar.

    Data collected by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System shows that in the fourth quarter of 2022, the average Black household’s net worth was about one-fourth that of the average White household.

    “Taking the time to address the racial wealth gap highlights many of the roadblocks we as Black Americans currently face,” explained Barnes, a certified financial therapist. She sees the well-documented connection between financial literacy and financial wellness as a key to enhancing wealth in the Black community.

    “We still are at a disadvantage, but it’s important we become comfortable with having to learn while playing the game,” Barnes told CNN.

    HomeFree-USA is a non-profit aiming to close the racial wealth gap by improving financial education, homeownership, and opportunities. Their Center for Financial Advancement (CFA) recruits, trains, and places Historically Black College and University students into internships and careers with mortgage and real estate companies. The goal is to enhance diversity in the financial sector, expose students to credit and money management and help them become savvy consumers and future homeowners.

    The African American Alliance for Homeownership is a non-profit counseling agency that helps families obtain, retain, maintain, and sustain their homes. The organization offers HUD-certified counselors who support first-time homebuyers and foreclosure prevention. The group recently expanded its services to help homeowners with estate plans, resource navigation, home repairs, and energy-efficiency upgrades.

    Former NFL Player Warrick Dunn started Warrick Dunn Charities in 1997 to help single parents buy homes by providing $5,000 down payments and home furnishings.

    “The more I learned, we wanted to get into the business of giving people the potential to break their cycle of poverty,” Dunn explained in a 2021 interview with CNN.

    The non-profit has expanded its priorities to include financial literacy, health and wellness, education attainment, workforce development, and entrepreneurship support.

    The National Urban League is committed to the advancement of African Americans through economic empowerment, equality, and social justice. The organization champions education, job training, workforce development, and civic engagement through community and national initiatives.

    The legacy of racism in America continues to fuel health and healthcare inequities for Black people.

    “We’re seeing diseases that, when I was in medical school, I thought to be diseases that would start to develop in people in their fifties, sixties, and seventies. I’m seeing these diseases sometimes in teenage years,” said Dr. Barbara Joy Jones, an Atlanta-based family medicine physician.

    According to the CDC, five health conditions particularly affect the Black community at higher rates: cardiovascular disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), metabolic syndrome, colon cancer, and mental health conditions.

    “I consider hypertension, Diabetes, and obesity the triad,” said Jones.

    The leading contributor to that triad is what you eat.

    “Diet is 80% of health, and just access to quality food and education about food has been very hard,” Jones explained.

    “When you go back and look at slavery, the foods we had to eat were the last scraps, so through the passing down of culture, you’re eating foods that are not the healthiest because it was simply for survival,” said Jones.

    According to Feeding America, eight of the ten US counties with the highest food insecurity rates are at least 60% Black and one in every four Black American children is affected by hunger.

    Addressing food insecurity, nutrition education, and better food access can make a difference.

    Feeding America runs a network of food banks in those mostly Black hard-hit counties.

    Share Our Strength runs a program called Cooking Matters offering cooking classes, grocery store tours, and digital content to help marginalized families across the country shop and cook with an eye towards health and budget.

    The African American Diabetes Association uses targeted outreach projects to help Black people prevent or delay type 2 diabetes.

    Despite progress over the years, racism continues to impact the mental health of African American people.

    “The stress and microaggressions that happen daily for a person of color in the work environment and everyday life add up, and unmitigated stress can lead to disease,” Jones told CNN.

    The Black Mental Health Alliance and the Trevor Project, provide training and networks of mental health providers specifically supportive of the Black and Black LGBTQ communities.

    In 2019, the CDC found that Black people comprised 41% of the new HIV infections in the US. The Black AIDS Institute was founded in 1999 to mobilize and educate Black Americans about HIV/AIDS treatment and care. The Black AIDS Institute advances research, support groups, and education and runs a clinic catering to BIPOC and underserved communities.

    As recently as the 1990’s, unethical medical research was conducted on Black Americans. The Tuskegee Study is one of the most widely recognized examples of the racist practice that led many Black people to distrust the healthcare system and avoid doctors altogether.

    Beyond investing in cultural sensitivity training and prioritizing preventative care, Jones said, “For anti-doctor people, find someone that looks like you; representation matters.”

    “Half of the getting to know your part of medicine is to know why psychosocial and economically you are where you are, and having a doctor that looks like you can support that.”

    Only about 5.7% of US physicians identify as Black or African American, according to the Association of American Medical Colleges.

    The White Coats Black Doctors Foundation is working to increase diversity in the medical profession, supporting educational preparation to become a doctor and helping offset the costs associated with applying and transitioning to residencies.

    Janice Lloyd of Annapolis, Maryland watches a Juneteenth parade in 2021.

    Black joy has been essential for survival, resistance, and self-development for centuries. But these days, it’s often exploited and misunderstood.

    “I see the ways that Black joy at this moment is being commercialized or co-opted to make it feel like it’s Black people smiling,” lamented Cruz. “It’s much, much deeper than that.”

    Cruz launched the Black Joy Project as a photo essay on social media in 2015 following the deaths of Michael Brown and Sandra Bland to help the Black community process its collective pain.

    “I posted it on Facebook in the stream of consciousness and said, ‘Let us bombard the internet that joy is important too, and as people are sharing these traumatic videos, we have to make space for joy.’ And it was an invitation for anybody else that wanted to do that.”

    Enslaved Black people knew they weren’t free but still hoped their future generations would be. That empowering optimism gave them the will to press forward, no matter the circumstance.

    “This (joy) is just a continuation of those practices,” Cruz said. “Joy is intrinsic. It’s something that can’t be taken from us because it comes within us; it’s always ours to have.”

    Juneteenth is a celebration of freedom, culture, and history, and it’s important to uplift non-profits that positively nourish the arts, music, and all the things that foster Black joy.

    The Robey Theatre Company was founded in 1994 by actors Danny Glover and Ben Guillory to tell the complex stories of the Black experience. The theater showcases and develops up-and-coming actors and playwrights to sustain Black theater.

    The Debbie Allen Dance Academy uses dance, theater, and performance to enrich, inspire and transform students’ lives.

    As some states are moving to block Critical Race Theory and Black history from public education, the Legacy Museum: From Enslavement to Mass Incarceration gives visitors an interactive history lesson on the harsh repercussions of slavery and systemic racism in the US. The immersive exhibition carries visitors through the transatlantic slave trade up to the current mass incarceration of Black people. The museum occupies a site in Montgomery, Alabama where enslaved Black people were historically auctioned off.

    “If we’re being serious about Black joy, that means we’re being serious about Black lives, period,” Cruz concluded.

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    June 16, 2023
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