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  • The oral microbiome in dogs and cats | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    The oral microbiome plays a vital role in your dog or cat’s dental, digestive, and immune health. Support balance through diet, oral hygiene, and specific supplements.

    When you hear the word “microbiome,” you probably think about the gut — that bustling ecosystem of bacteria that helps digest food and support immunity. But there’s another equally vital microbiome that animal parents often overlook. This is the oral microbiome inside the dog or cat’s mouth. 

    Just like the digestive tract, your dog or cat’s oral cavity is home to a complex community of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. These organisms live in delicate balance. This community — known as the oral microbiome — influences your animal’s dental health. It also impacts their her heart, kidneys, GI tract, and immune system.

    Increasingly, research shows that mouth health and body health are inseparable. Supporting this ecosystem helps protect your animal’s overall health. This article looks at the oral microbiome in dogs and cats and how to support it. 

    Your dog or cat’s mouth: a microbial ecosystem of its own

    The oral microbiome is a living community of microorganisms. They inhabit the surfaces of teeth, gums, tongue, and the saliva. Each area — from above the gum line to the deeper pockets near tooth roots — has its own oxygen levels, nutrients, and microbial residents.

    In a healthy mouth, these microbes live in harmony with the body. They form biofilms (thin, sticky layers) that can protect against harmful invaders. Beneficial bacteria help maintain a neutral or slightly alkaline pH. The They also occupy space so pathogens can’t take hold, and work to “communicate” with the immune system to maintain balance.

    We call this state of healthy harmony symbiosis, and it’s the cornerstone of oral and whole-body health. When the ecosystem becomes imbalanced — a condition known as dysbiosis — harmful microbes take over. This triggers inflammation, oral tissue damage, and eventually systemic effects throughout the body.

    When balance tips: how oral disease begins 

    Periodontal disease is the most common health condition in adult dogs, and affects most cats over three years old. But it’s not simply a matter of dirty tartar on the teeth. It’s a microbial imbalance that fuels chronic inflammation.

    At first, plaque — a sticky film of bacteria and saliva — builds up on the teeth. If not removed (through brushing or chewing), it thickens, traps food particles, and hardens into tartar. As oxygen levels drop beneath the surface of thick plaque or tartar, microbial populations shift.

    Friendly, aerobic (oxygen-loving) bacteria are replaced by anaerobic, Gram-negative species — the known culprits in periodontal disease These organisms produce toxins and enzymes that damage gum tissue and overwhelm immune defenses.

    The body responds with inflammation, resulting in gingivitis (red, swollen gums). Left unchecked, this becomes chronic and destructive, breaking down the ligaments and bone in the jaw that anchor the teeth. Veterinarians call this stage periodontitis.

    At this point, the mouth becomes a source of ongoing infection and immune activation. Bacteria and inflammatory molecules can enter the bloodstream, affecting the heart, liver, kidneys, brain, and gut. Researchers now call this connection the oral–gut axis. It highlights how oral health directly influences digestion, immunity, and systemic inflammation.

    The mouth–body connection: beyond teeth and gums

    The oral microbiome isn’t isolated — it’s the gateway to the rest of the body. Each time your dog or cat swallows, microbes from the mouth travel to the gut, influencing the gut microbiome.

    When oral bacteria are balanced, they help prime the immune system and promote healthy digestion. But when harmful species dominate, they can disrupt gut composition, leading to inflammation, nutrient malabsorption, and immune hypersensitivity.

    Research in both domestic and exotic zoo animals shows that maintaining an alkaline oral environment — where beneficial microbes outnumber pathogens — supports digestive enzyme function and gut barrier integrity. In short, oral health interventions can improve gut health and immune tolerance far beyond the mouth.

    Lifestyle factors that shape your dog or cat’s oral microbiome

    Many aspects of daily life influence whether the oral ecosystem thrives or falters.

    1. Diet:

    Highly processed, high-carbohydrate diets provide easy fuel for harmful bacteria. Over time, these acid-producing microbes erode enamel and irritate gums. Species-appropriate diets with whole foods — meat, organs, bone, and low-starch vegetables — support a healthier pH and balanced microbiome. 

    For cats (obligate carnivores), carbohydrate-heavy foods are especially problematic, promoting inflammation in both the mouth and GI tract system.

    2. Saliva and hydration:

    Saliva protects tissues and neutralizes acids with enzymes, antibodies, and minerals. Animals that don’t drink enough water — especially small and brachycephalic breeds — are at higher risk for oral imbalance. 

    Encouraging hydration and using natural oral rinses helps maintain healthy saliva and pH. (For dogs that don’t drink much, you can support hydration with diluted bone broth, raw milk, or coconut water.)

    3. Chewing and mechanical cleaning:

    In nature, chewing bones, tendons, or fibrous material helps clean teeth and stimulate saliva. Modern dogs and cats often lack these opportunities. Safe dental chews, textured toys, and routine brushing can significantly reduce plaque buildup and keep bacteria in check.

    4. Stress and the nervous system:

    Stress alters saliva composition and immunity. Chronic stress raises cortisol and suppresses the body’s defenses. It can lead to excessive licking, chewing, or drooling that also disrupts microbial balance.

    5. Immune and metabolic health:

    Hormonal imbalances, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress can alter the oral microbiome. Support immune health with a quality diet and Omega-3s. Antioxidants like CoQ10 and green tea, and immune-supportive mushrooms or herbs, are also helpful.

    Natural and integrative support for your animal’s oral wellness

    Emerging research in human and veterinary medicine highlights probiotic and prebiotic approaches to oral health. These strategies aim not to kill bacteria, but to rebalance them.

    • Probiotics can introduce beneficial species that crowd out harmful ones and calm inflammation.
    • Prebiotics can provide selective nutrients that nourish good bacteria. These nutrients can also compete with food sources that sustain harmful microbes. This promotes a more balanced oral environment.

    Recent multi-species zoo studies demonstrated that modulating microbial metabolism with targeted prebiotics effectively reduced oral inflammation. It also suppressed biofilms, and improved digestive (gut health) and immune testing markers.

    Integrative veterinary care also addresses broader systemic influences. These include nutrient deficiencies (testing for levels of vitamin D, Omega-3s, etc.), detoxification, and overall inflammatory load. 

    Natural tools such as herbs, specific vitamins, and application of topical coconut oil can provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant support, as well as promoting gum repair and resilience.

    A shift in perspective for canine and feline oral health 

    Many people view dental care in their dogs and cats as just “cleaning and polishing the teeth.” In truth, the simple act of cleaning teeth above the gumline is largely cosmetic. Professional veterinary dental procedures address issues both above and below the gumline — the root of true oral health. (See page xx for details on dental cleanings.)

    It’s also essential to recognize that the oral microbiome is a critical player in both periodontal and whole-body health. This includes levels of inflammation throughout the body and its organ systems.  

    In other words, the oral microbiome in dogs and cats is a living, dynamic ecosystem that interacts with every part of her body. When it thrives, your animal thrives. When it’s out of balance, the effects can extend far beyond the mouth.

    Understanding and nurturing this delicate balance through nutrition, supplements, daily oral hygiene, and veterinary care gives your dog or cat the gift of vibrant oral health and whole-body wellness. 

    Cats and the oral microbiome: a unique challenge

    Cats have their own distinctive oral ecosystem. They’re especially prone to stomatitis (painful whole-mouth inflammation) and tooth resorption (progressive tooth loss). Both are tied to immune dysregulation and microbial imbalance.

    Cats may often hide oral pain. But signs such as poor appetite, drooling, dropping food, face rubbing, or reduced grooming warrant veterinary attention and an oral exam.

    Supporting a healthy feline oral microbiome involves the same foundations as for dogs: a high-quality diet, regular oral hygiene, and supporting healthy immune balance. 

    Maintaining a healthy mouth is all about prevention

    • Brush teeth regularly: Gentle brushing disrupts plaque before it causes problems.
    • Feed for health: Choose minimally processed, low-carb diets rich in anti-inflammatory nutrients.
    • Encourage chewing: Chew toys help stimulate saliva and disrupt plaque biofilms. (Note: safe chew items should be flexible enough not to break teeth.)
    • Schedule regular veterinary exams: Set up annual or semiannual oral exams to monitor for problems. Your vet can then proceed with dental procedures as needed
    • Think holistically: Oral care supports immune, digestive, and metabolic, whole-body systems.

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    Emily Stein, PhD, and Katie Kangas, DVM, CVA, CVCP

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  • Can cats drink milk? | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Find out why most adult cats are lactose intolerant, how milk affects their digestion, and healthier alternatives you can offer instead.

    Can cats drink milk? Most kitties love it, and in the past, people regarded milk as a traditional food for housecats. But it’s not really a good idea. In fact, veterinarians and other feline experts don’t encourage feeding milk to cats. Let’s find out why.

    Don’t kittens need milk?

    Kittens depend on milk — but only from mother cats. By the time they are four to ten weeks old, they begin to mature and wean off their mothers’ milk. This is when their bodies stop producing an enzyme called lactase. This enzyme breaks down the sugars in a mother cat’s milk. It helps the kitten digest the milk properly.” 

    “At around six months of age, a cat’s ability to produce lactase will be at adult levels, which are significantly lower than kitten levels,” says veterinarian Dr. Patrick Mahaney. 

    As the lactase disappears from a growing cat’s system, so does his ability to digest milk. Most kittens slowly become lactose intolerant as they mature into adult cats. However, Dr. Mahaney adds that “not all cats are lactose intolerant. Each cat’s ability to digest lactose is different.” 

    Why do cats love milk so much?

    So why do cats drink milk even when their digestive systems may not handle it well? It’s simple – it’s fresh and cold, and they like the taste, according to the Cat Fanciers’ Association. 

    Compare it to children who love candy, and given the opportunity, will happily eat as much as they can. Cats are similar when it comes to milk. If you give your kitty a saucerful, he’ll lap it up — even if it’s not good for him.

    What makes milk bad for cats?

    In most cases, a tiny bit of milk for a treat (i.e. the occasional teaspoon) shouldn’t do your cat any harm, but don’t make it a habit. The milk we drink doesn’t suit cats. 

    “The minute milk is pasteurized, it changes the protein,” says veterinarian Dr. Deva Khalsa. “When it is homogenized, the particles leak through the gut wall, causing inflammation in a cat’s body.” 

    Too much milk can cause diarrhea, gas, and other digestive issues. The ASPCA warns that cheese and ice cream can do the same if cats overindulge.

    Can your cat really do without milk?

    The answer is yes. As much as your cat may love milk, he doesn’t need it in his diet. In fact, it really holds no nutritional benefits for him. Once a cat weans off his mother’s milk and starts eating solid food, all he really needs to drink is water. 

    Can cats drink milk? Most veterinarians agree that giving milk to cats causes more health issues than it does any good. Your cat may prefer milk over water, but water is the best and most essential form of hydration. 

    Adding a bit of liquid from a tin of salmon or other water-packed tinned fish to his water bowl will encourage him to drink more – and may even curb his passion for milk! 

    Goat’s milk can make a healthy alternative

    If you still can’t resist sharing some milk with your cat, Dr. Mahaney recommends switching to products that are easier on a cat’s sensitive digestive system. 

    “I have had success with my feline patients consuming goat milk-based products that are either dehydrated or in fresh or frozen liquid formats,” he says. “Just remember that when you are adding milk, you could be adding excess calories to your cat’s diet. So make sure to remove a commensurate portion of food to account for the calories from the milk.”

    The same can apply to cheese. Most cats digest goat cheese more easily than cheese made from cow’s milk. 

    As the lactase disappears from a growing cat’s system, so does his ability to digest milk.

    “When milk is homogenized, the particles leak through the gut wall, causing inflammation in a cat’s body.”


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    Nadia Ali is a Freelance Writer from London, who currently resides in the Caribbean. Cici her adopted shelter cat serves as her inspiration to write about beloved pets. You can follow Nadia on Twitter at @NadiaAwriter

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    Nadia Ali

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  • Common Cat Issues That May Benefit from Music | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Cat parents are always looking for ways to help their furry companions feel their best. Music therapy is becoming a popular tool that many pet owners are discovering can help with various cat health and behavior issues. Let’s explore how different types of music might benefit your cat.

    What is Music Therapy for Cats?

    Music therapy uses specially designed sounds and melodies to create a calming environment for cats. Unlike human music, cat-specific music often includes frequencies and tempos that match how cats naturally communicate and hear the world around them.

    Types of Music and Their Benefits

    Classical Music Classical music, especially pieces with slower tempos, can help reduce stress in cats. Many veterinary clinics play soft classical music to keep animals calm during visits. This type of music works well for general anxiety and creating a peaceful atmosphere at home.

    Cat-Specific Music Scientists have created music designed specifically for cats. This music includes purring sounds, bird chirps, and frequencies that cats find naturally appealing. These compositions often help with separation anxiety and general stress relief.

    Nature Sounds Gentle sounds like soft rain, ocean waves, or quiet forest sounds can create a soothing environment. These work particularly well for cats who get nervous during storms or loud neighborhood noises.

    Common Cat Issues That Can Benefit from Music

    Anxiety and Stress Cats dealing with changes in their environment, like moving to a new home or having new family members, might find comfort in calming music. The steady, predictable sounds can help create a sense of security.

    Sleep Problems Some cats have trouble settling down at night. Soft, slow music played at low volumes might help establish a bedtime routine and promote better sleep.

    Recovery from Illness or Surgery Cats recovering from medical procedures often benefit from a quiet, stress-free environment. Gentle music can be part of creating this healing space.

    Behavioral Issues Music therapy might help with some behavioral problems related to stress, though it works best when combined with other training methods.

    Important Things to Remember

    Every cat is different. What works for one cat might not work for another. Start with very low volumes and watch your cat’s reaction. If your cat seems stressed or tries to leave the area, the music might not be helpful for them.

    If your cat is showing signs of illness, anxiety, or behavioral problems, it’s important to consult with your veterinarian first. They can help determine if there are underlying health issues that need treatment.

    Music can be a wonderful addition to your cat’s wellness routine, but always work with your vet to ensure your feline friend gets the best possible care.

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    Animal Wellness

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  • Understanding Feline Acne: What Cat Parents Need to Know | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    If you’ve noticed small, black spots on your cat’s chin that look like tiny blackheads, your feline friend might have feline acne. While this condition might sound concerning, it’s actually quite common and usually manageable with proper care.

    What Is Feline Acne?

    Feline acne is a skin condition that affects cats of all ages and breeds. It appears as small, dark spots or bumps, usually on the chin and sometimes around the lips. These spots look similar to blackheads that humans get. The medical term for these spots is “comedones.”

    What Causes Feline Acne?

    Several factors can lead to feline acne:

    • Poor grooming habits – Some cats don’t clean their chins thoroughly after eating
    • Stress – Anxious or stressed cats may develop skin problems
    • Plastic food bowls – Bacteria can build up in scratches on plastic surfaces
    • Hormonal changes – Young cats going through puberty often get acne
    • Allergies – Food or environmental allergies can trigger skin issues
    • Overactive oil glands – Just like in humans, some cats produce too much oil

    Signs to Watch For

    The most common signs of feline acne include:

    • Small, dark spots on the chin (blackheads)
    • Red, swollen bumps around the mouth area
    • Crusty or scaly skin on the chin
    • Your cat scratching or pawing at their face more than usual
    • Hair loss around the affected area

    In mild cases, you might only see a few small black spots. However, if left untreated, the condition can worsen and become painful for your cat.

    Prevention Tips

    You can help prevent feline acne with these simple steps:

    1. Switch to stainless steel or ceramic food bowls – These materials don’t harbor bacteria like plastic can
    2. Keep food bowls clean – Wash them daily with hot, soapy water
    3. Reduce stress – Provide a calm environment with hiding spots and regular routines
    4. Monitor your cat’s grooming – Some cats may need help cleaning their chin area

    When to See Your Veterinarian

    While mild feline acne often improves with better hygiene, you should contact your veterinarian if:

    • The spots become red, swollen, or painful
    • Your cat develops open sores or infections
    • The condition spreads beyond the chin area
    • Your cat seems uncomfortable or keeps scratching the area
    • Home care doesn’t improve the condition after a few weeks
    • Feline acne can also be the cause of bacterial pyoderma, which needs veterinary intervention.

    Treatment Options

    Your veterinarian may recommend various treatments depending on how severe the acne is. These might include special shampoos, topical medications, or changes to your cat’s environment and diet.

    Remember, every cat is different, and what works for one may not work for another. Always consult with your veterinarian for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan tailored to your cat’s specific needs. With the right care, most cats with feline acne can live comfortably and happily.


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    Animal Wellness is North America’s top natural health and lifestyle magazine for dogs and cats, with a readership of over one million every year. AW features articles by some of the most renowned experts in the pet industry, with topics ranging from diet and health related issues, to articles on training, fitness and emotional well being.

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    Animal Wellness

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  • Antimicrobial resistance in dogs and cats | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat to dogs and cats. Understand the risks, how it develops, and practical steps to protect your animal’s health 

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in dogs and cats is an urgent and growing concern. It threatens the effectiveness of treatments for common infections. AMR occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites resist drugs designed to kill them, making illnesses harder to treat and increasing the risk of complications.

    Our dogs and cats can be affected just as humans are, especially if they have weakened immune systems or chronic conditions. Understanding how antimicrobial resistance develops — and how to help prevent it — is essential to protecting your dog or cat’s long-term health.

    AMR over the past decade: where we stand today  

    Over ten years ago, I wrote an article in Animal Wellness about antimicrobial resistance as an emerging global concern and healthcare challenge for all living beings (Apr-May 2014). Today, this problem has become a tragic reality. The World Health Organization lists AMR among the top ten global public health threats facing humanity – and by extension, our companion animals. 

    Widespread, prolonged use of antimicrobial agents (antibacterials, antivirals, antifungals, pesticides, and parasiticides in humans, animals, and the environment) contributes to resistance. This overuse makes these drugs and chemicals less effective. Antibiotic use alone has increased by 65% globally between 2000 and 2015.

    Why is antimicrobial resistance such a threat?

    Resistant strains occur in many infectious organisms. Examples include MRSA in people, MRSP in animals, human and canine influenza viruses, pathogenic fungi, and parasites. 

    These AMR infections most often affect animals and people with weakened immune systems, and those with chronic debilitating diseases, cancer, or malnutrition. Chronic antibiotic use and inappropriate dosing or drug selection can cause resistant infections. 

    Pathogens resistant to multiple antimicrobials are termed multi-drug resistant (MDR) or “superbugs”. Biofilms facilitate MDR, making infection control more complex. 

    Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that stick together and/or to the surface they’re on. They are embedded in an extracellular matrix of polymeric substances such as polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and DNA. A common example is the biofilm on teeth and gums associated with dental tartar and plaque. 

    When exposed to antimicrobials, microbes naturally select for the survival of those that have developed genes for resistance. They arise through induced genetic mutation, or horizontal gene transfer from other bacterial species. Therefore, resistant genes can quickly spread through an ecosystem of infectious. 

    Treating antimicrobial-resistant organisms often requires longer and more costly therapy, which can cause patients to suffer more and even die. 

    The evolution of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens 

    Background: setting the stage 

    Antibiotics have been used to treat and cure bacterial infections, and for other medicinal purposes, for over 70 years. However, unavoidable evolutionary infections from MDR bacteria are increasing around the world. 

    Researchers have rapidly developed new methods of fighting infections using synthetic biology and genomic studies of bacteria, plants, and marine invertebrates. These innovative and preventive approaches include bacteriophages, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines. However, new regulations and controls may slow their implementation.

    Contributing factors include the high expense of antibiotic research and growth. The accelerated evolution of AMR has resulted in lower investment returns for the pharmaceutical R & D industry. In fact, several pharmaceutical companies have already stopped researching and developing new antibiotics.

    Current status: drug-resistant infections still rising 

    Despite these ongoing efforts, drug-resistant infections contributed to an estimated 4.95 million human deaths worldwide in 2019, mostly in low- and middle-income countries. Without global action, experts predict AMR could cause 10 million deaths annually by 2050, with rising losses among dogs and cats as well. 

    The intestine is the largest peripheral lymphoid organ in all species and contains a vast number of gut microbiota. How it relates to our immune system development and function is critical for understanding health and disease. 

    Immune cell differentiation determines their role in basic immunology and in systemic diseases such as cancer, cardiometabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions. The gut microbiota thus become responsible for releasing microbial metabolites as their messengers. 

    Growing and colonizing microbes also hamper surgical procedures, especially of the bones and joints. Osteosynthesis implants are common in human and veterinary medicine, but post-operative infections remain frequent. These infections can delay healing, cause osteomyelitis, loosen implants, and lead to loss of function.

    Future directions: where do we go from here?

    Clinical trials aim to bring new medicines to patients, but they are costly and slow. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) over the last two decades is helping speed and improve the process. The methodology used in these trials has improved both the economics and diversity of the trial cohort populations studied.  

    Most experts agree the first randomized controlled clinical trial to test the effects of the antibiotic streptomycin for treating pulmonary tuberculosis in people took place in 1946 in the U.K. But, despite changes and improvements to the trial processes since then, including more appropriate informed consent procedures, they did not change significantly until the late 1990s.

    In addition, several things still need to happen before the use of AI in clinical trials becomes more widespread, accessible, and accepted. Regulators such as the US FDA and those of other countries also need to keep abreast of and adapt to the rapid changes in this technology.

    Similarly, drug development has become more efficient and productive. Advances in genetics and genomics now allow doctors to individualize medicine, predict illness, and prevent disease, improving patient outcomes and quality of life. 

    However, even 30 years after the Haemophilus influenzae bacterium was sequenced, and 25 years after the fruit fly, human, and rodent genomes were unraveled, scientists still don’t fully understand how our genetic code has produced over nine billion unique human individuals.

    According to Dr. J. Craig Venter, who with colleagues sequenced the human genome, began the Human Genome Project, and founded Celera Genomics, the slow progress at combatting AMR can be attributed to three factors: 

    1. Short read sequencing technology. Results generate a genetic sequence that doesn’t exist in nature, which obscures and complicates interpretation of any variants that evolve. 
    2. Missing heritability. Common genome-wide association studies identify and explain only about 10% to 50% of the total heritability involved, depending upon the trait. 
    3. Lack of phenotype data. Much genetic data is misleading or incorrect because it lacks matching detailed phenotype (observable characteristics) information. 

     While overcoming antimicrobial resistance still seems a long way off, there are things you can do to help protect your dog or cat (and yourself). An alternative approach to health and well-being that supports and boosts his immune system will help him avoid illness and infection — and provide natural treatment options if he does get sick. 

    How to protect your dog or cat from AMR

    While the increase of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens is alarming, there are steps you can take to help protect your dog or cat and keep him as healthy as possible:

    1. A nutritious species-appropriate, high-quality diet made with whole food ingredients is the first and most important step. Feed your dog or cat the healthiest diet you can afford and look for products that are cleanly raised and free of antibiotics. 
    2. A variety of supplements and alternative therapies can support and boost your dog or cat’s immune system:
      • Manuka honey can help treat antibiotic-resistant skin infections, including MRSA and MRSP. 
      • Polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g. ALA, EPA, DHA) from fatty fish, flaxseed, hemp, etc. have anti-inflammatory, immune-boosting and anti-cancer properties. 
      • Probiotics such as Enterococcus, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus support natural gut flora, leading to a healthy GI tract and enhancing nutrient absorption.
      • Oil of oregano boosts the immune system and treats infection. It has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that help both prevent and treat bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. 
      • Green or black tea made into a poultice is excellent for small, localized skin irritations or infections. Tea’s tannins and polyphenols are antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. Make the tea, then let the bag cool and use as a poultice, leaving it on for five to seven minutes. 

    Consult with a holistic or integrative veterinarian for guidance before giving new supplements to your animal.


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    Dr. Jean Dodds received her veterinary degree in 1964 from the Ontario Veterinary College. In 1986, she established Hemopet, the first non-profit national blood bank program for animals. Today, Hemopet also runs Hemolife, an international veterinary specialty diagnostics service. Dr. Dodds has been a member of many committees on hematology, animal models of human disease and veterinary medicine. She received the Holistic Veterinarian of the Year Award from the AHVMA in 1994, has served two terms on the AHVMA’s Board of Directors, chairs their Communications Committee, and currently serves on the Board of the AHVMF, as well as its Research Grant and Editorial Committees.

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    W. Jean Dodds, DVM

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  • Your Cat’s Not Obese—It’s Called Primordial Pouch | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Have you ever noticed your cat has what looks like a saggy belly that swings when they walk? Don’t worry – your feline friend hasn’t gained weight overnight! What you’re seeing is called a primordial pouch, and it’s completely normal.

    What Exactly is a Primordial Pouch?

    The primordial pouch is a flap of loose skin and fat that hangs along your cat’s belly, typically between their hind legs. This natural feature appears in both male and female cats, regardless of whether they’ve been spayed or neutered. Even wild cats like lions, tigers, and leopards have this characteristic belly flap.

    You might notice this pouch more clearly when your cat walks or runs, as it tends to sway back and forth. Some cats have more prominent pouches than others, and certain breeds like Egyptian Maus and Bengal cats are known for having particularly noticeable ones.

    Why Do Cats Have This Feature?

    Scientists believe the primordial pouch serves several important purposes:

    Protection: The loose skin acts as armor during fights with other cats or predators. It protects vital organs in the abdomen from claws and teeth during belly-directed attacks.

    Flexibility: The extra skin allows cats to stretch their bodies fully when running, jumping, and climbing. This gives them the incredible flexibility they’re famous for.

    Food Storage: In the wild, cats don’t know when their next meal will come. The pouch can expand to accommodate larger meals when food is available.

    How to Tell the Difference: Pouch vs. Weight Gain

    Many cat parents worry that their pet’s primordial pouch means they’re overweight. Here’s how to tell the difference:

    A healthy primordial pouch feels soft and loose, with minimal fat. An overweight belly feels firmer and rounder. You should still be able to feel your cat’s ribs easily when you gently press along their sides. Their waist should be visible when viewed from above.

    If you’re concerned about your cat’s weight, look at their overall body shape rather than just focusing on the belly area.

    When to Consult Your Veterinarian

    While the primordial pouch is normal, sudden changes in your cat’s belly size or shape warrant attention. Contact your veterinarian if you notice:

    • Rapid enlargement of the belly area
    • Hard, distended abdomen
    • Signs of pain when touching the belly
    • Changes in eating or bathroom habits
    • Lethargy or behavioral changes

    Remember, every cat is unique, and pouch size varies significantly between individuals. What matters most is maintaining your cat’s overall health through proper diet, exercise, and regular veterinary checkups.

    The primordial pouch is just another fascinating aspect of feline anatomy that makes our cats the amazing creatures they are!

    Always consult with your veterinarian if you have concerns about your cat’s health or body condition.

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    Animal Wellness

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  • Signs your cat is in pain | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Cats are masters at hiding discomfort. This guide breaks down subtle behavioral and physical signs your cat might show when he’s in pain. 

    Cats are experts at concealing pain and discomfort. Their wild ancestors passed down this trait as a survival mechanism. But as our cats’ caretakers, we must learn to distinguish between subtle signs of pain and normal feline behavior. Knowing the signs your cat is in pain helps ensure his health, well-being, and quality of life.

    Behavioral changes that could signal pain in your cat

    When cats experience fear, they may hunch down, lower their heads and try to appear small. This same posture can also signal pain, making it crucial to closely observe your cat’s behavior.

    One of the first things to look for in a cat experiencing pain is a change in activity. A cat that once loved to jump on countertops or chase their favorite toys may become less active. He may also hesitate to move, or avoid previously favored spots. 

    Veterinarian Dr. Sabrina Kong recalls a senior cat named Miso. His reduced mobility initially seemed like age-related slowing. But a closer look revealed debilitating arthritis causing significant discomfort.  

    • Hiding or avoiding interaction

    Cats in pain are more likely to hide, avoid interaction, and become less social. “If a cat spends more time hiding, avoids attention, or interacts less with other animals, these behaviors can be key indicators of pain,” confirms veterinarian Dr. Grant Little. Hiding is a defensive instinct that signals something is off.  

    • Changes in grooming habits

    Cats are meticulous groomers, so changes in this routine can be a red flag. Pain may cause a cat to over-groom the area where it hurts. The result is bald spots or raw skin. Conversely, discomfort may prevent him from grooming at all, leaving his coat greasy or matted.

    Dr. Lisa Franzetta, L.Ac. notes that arthritis or injury can make it difficult for cats to twist into grooming positions. This often leaves to neglected hindquarters.

    Cats rarely use vocalization to express pain, but changes in their usual sounds can be telling. A cat in discomfort might growl or meow more frequently. He may also purr at a lower, constant tone as a self-soothing mechanism. While purring often signals contentment, always consider the context.

    Physical signs of pain in cats

    Subtle shifts in how a cat stands, sits or walks can indicate problems. Cats with pain may move stiffly, hunch their backs, or avoid jumping altogether. Dr. Little cautions that limping or favoring one limb reflects an effort to avoid putting weight on a painful area.

    • Appetite and weight changes:

    Pain can impact a cat’s appetite. According to Dr. Kong, cats with oral pain may paw at their mouths or tilt their heads while eating. Appetite loss or a refusal to drink can signal abdominal pain or nausea. Weight loss, dehydration, or gulping food without chewing may also signal discomfort.

    • Abnormal facial expressions:

    The Feline Grimace Scale identifies specific facial changes that signal physical distress (see sidebar on page xx). Cats in pain often show these expressions along with sensitivity to touch. They might recoil when you gently press on sore areas. 

    Suddenly avoiding the litter box often signals pain. Cats may urinate or defecate outside the box because climbing in or squatting is painful. They may also avoid the litter box because of urinary blockages, gastrointestinal problems, or arthritis-related discomfort.

    When to seek veterinary attention

    If you notice any of the above signs lasting more than a day and/or worsening, it’s time to consult a veterinarian. Recognizing signs of pain in your cat early on allows for faster intervention and treatment.

    Seek immediate evaluation for symptoms such as extreme lethargy, significant vocal changes, urinary problems, or a refusal to eat or drink. When cats experience acute pain, they often freeze, growl, or breathe abnormally, indicating a need for urgent help.

    Knowing the signs your cat is in pain can make a significant difference to his well-being. Nobody knows your cat better than you, so trust your intuition. “If his spark dims, even slightly, it’s worth a vet visit,” Dr. Kong says. “Early intervention can turn whispers of pain into stories of recovery.” 

    Why cats hide pain – it’s a natural instinct

    Cats evolved as both predators and prey. Because showing pain could make them an easy target for larger predators, they instinctively mask vulnerability to protect themselves. This survival strategy has carried over into their domestic lives, making it tricky for us to detect distress in our feline companions.

    The Feline Grimace Scale 

    Tools such as the Feline Grimace Scale can help determine if your cat is in pain. It evaluates five key indicators of pain in a cat’s face:

    1. Ear position – flattened or rotated outwards
    2. Orbital tightening – squinting eyes 
    3. Muzzle tension – looks elliptical instead of rounded
    4. Whisker position – whiskers are straight and pointing forward 
    5. Head position – lowered, with chin towards chest

    Using such assessments alongside behavioral observations can provide clues your cat is silently suffering.


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    Christine Caplan is a Certified Vet Tech, and a long-time PR veteran and content marketing expert who brings her unique understanding of social and digital media to connect dog lovers to brands both on and offline. She lives with three hounds – two “doxies” and a beagle/basset hound mix – who constantly teach her about life and companionship (mylifewithdogspdx.com).

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    Christine Caplan, CVT

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  • The Alzheimer’s Disease of Cats: Feline Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Feline Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS) aka Feline Dementia affects many older cats, similar to Alzheimer’s disease in humans. Dementia is a general term for symptoms like memory loss and impaired thinking, while Alzheimer’s is a specific disease that causes dementia and is its most common form. Feline CDS is a brain disorder that leads to gradual cognitive decline.

    Knowing the signs of CDS and how to help your feline friend can significantly improve their quality of life.

    What Causes CDS?

    CDS occurs when harmful proteins, known as beta-amyloid, accumulate in the brain. These proteins damage the nerve cells essential for clear thinking and memory. As brain function deteriorates, your cat may experience confusion and disorientation. Understanding this condition helps you provide better care.

    Signs to Watch For

    Cats with dementia exhibit various changes that may concern you:

    • Confusion and Disorientation: They may get lost in familiar places or stare into space.
    • Social Changes: Some cats become clingy, while others may seem distant or not recognize familiar faces.
    • Sleep Issues: Expect nighttime wandering and increased vocalization, along with more daytime sleeping.
    • Bathroom Problems: Accidents outside the litter box can occur, even if they were once house-trained.
    • Activity Changes: Your cat might lose interest in play or show signs of restlessness and anxiety.

    Recognizing these signs early helps you take action.

    Holistic Approaches to Support Brain Health

    While a cure for CDS doesn’t exist, several holistic strategies can support your cat’s brain health:

    • Environmental Enrichment: Provide interactive toys and puzzles to stimulate their mind. Establish a routine for meals, play, and rest. Use nightlights to reduce confusion during nighttime.
    • Dietary Support: Include antioxidant-rich foods like blueberries and omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil. Some specialized diets for senior cats can offer additional support.
    • Natural Supplements: Discuss options like SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine) or vitamin E with your veterinarian. These may help support brain function.
    • Stress Reduction: Maintain familiar routines and create comfortable spaces. Consider using pheromone diffusers to soothe anxious cats.

    Important Note

    If you notice signs of cognitive decline, consult your veterinarian. Conditions such as hyperthyroidism or kidney disease can mimic dementia symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes.

    Understanding feline dementia empowers you to support your cat’s well-being. Recognizing the signs and implementing holistic approaches can enhance their quality of life. Keep your cat engaged and comfortable, and prioritize regular vet visits for optimal care.

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  • Pica in Cats: Why It Matters | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Pica describes the behavior where cats intentionally ingest non-food items. This troubling habit poses significant health risks. While some cats might accidentally swallow strange objects during play, persistent eating of inedible materials is alarming. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. These symptoms often indicate gastrointestinal irritation or even blockage, requiring urgent attention.

    The Genetic Link

    Certain cat breeds, especially Oriental varieties like Siamese and Burmese, are more prone to pica. Genetics may heighten their urge to chew on fabric and other non-food items. Recognizing this predisposition is crucial for early intervention. Regular observations can help identify abnormal chewing habits early, ensuring timely veterinary evaluations.

    Medical and Behavioral Factors

    Pica often stems from medical issues or behavioral disorders such as anxiety. A thorough veterinary examination helps rule out underlying health problems. If anxiety drives the behavior, consider implementing stress-reduction strategies. Identifying triggers and addressing them proactively can significantly improve overall well-being.

    Holistic Preventive Measures

    Engaging food toys and a high-fiber diet can divert attention from harmful items. Offering safe snacks, like cat grass, encourages proper eating habits. Ensure the diet meets AAFCO nutritional standards for optimal health. Enriching the environment helps stimulate the mind and reduces boredom, which can lead to unwanted behaviors.

    Environmental Management Techniques

    Managing the environment is vital in preventing pica. Remove accessible non-food items that your cat might chew on. Ensure clothing and fabrics remain stored securely. Use closed drawers or boxes to keep small objects out of reach. Educate everyone in the household about the importance of preventing access to harmful items.

    Sharing experiences with other cat enthusiasts fosters a supportive network. Discussing challenges related to pica and exchanging tips can enhance understanding and management strategies. Engaging in community forums or social media groups provides valuable insights from fellow caregivers.

    Understanding and addressing pica can lead to a healthier, happier life for your feline companion. Implementing proactive measures and maintaining open communication enables caregivers to ensure their cats thrive. Prioritize health and happiness; every cat deserves a safe environment.

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  • The Regular Life-Saving Tests Every Dog and Cat Deserves | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    The joy of sharing life with a dog or cat comes with a solemn responsibility—their health depends on vigilance beyond visible signs. Many diseases lurk quietly, revealing themselves only when it’s too late. Routine diagnostic tests for dogs and cats are the secret arsenal to uncover hidden threats early, protecting a beloved companion’s future.

    Blood Work

    Regular blood tests, including a Complete Blood Count (CBC) and chemistry panels, offer an internal snapshot. These reveal anemia, infections, organ stress, and metabolic imbalances long before symptoms arise. They can catch early signs of diabetes, kidney disease, liver dysfunction, and thyroid issues, conditions common and often silent in older animals. Imagine uncovering a hidden trouble spot like a stressed kidney or undetected infection before it severely weakens them—a priceless gift of time.

    Urinalysis

    Urinalysis complements blood work, revealing insights into kidney function, hydration status, infections, and early markers of diabetes. Urine analysis spots troubles invisible externally, illuminating conditions affecting urinary health or metabolic balance. It’s like giving your companion a voice to tell you about unseen struggles.

    Fecal Exams

    Though often overlooked, fecal tests detect intestinal parasites—such as roundworms, hookworms, and Giardia—that can cause nutrient loss, discomfort, and spread infectious risks within the home. Annual fecal exams act as guardians, keeping digestive health in check and preventing silent damage from parasitic invaders.

    Heartworm Testing

    Annual heartworm tests are crucial, especially for dogs, to detect this potentially fatal parasite spread by mosquitoes. Early detection allows intervention before irreversible heart or lung damage occurs, protecting long-term quality of life.

    X-Rays and Ultrasounds

    Diagnostic imaging reveals hidden fractures, joint diseases, and internal organ abnormalities. Ultrasounds can assess heart, liver, and kidney health, giving a window into internal complexities without invasive measures—capturing subtle changes before illness declares itself loudly. For example, fatty liver disease can be identified early with an ultrasound, allowing for a corrective course to be adopted in time.

     

    Why Routine Matters: The Silent Progression of Disease

    Animals instinctively mask pain and illness, instinctually protecting their vulnerability. This silence requires caregivers to be proactive. By testing twice yearly, diseases caught early allow simpler, more effective treatment. Chronic conditions—kidney disease, thyroid imbalances, diabetes, liver conditions—benefit immensely from timely management, prolonging vitality and joy.

    Bridging Affectionate Care and Science

    Watching a beloved dog or cat age gracefully is a profound gift. Routine diagnostic tests for dogs and cats can ensure a healthy furry life. Combining affection with regular diagnostics creates a protective net woven with science and care. These tests are not mere procedures; they are promises of more wagging tails, purring evenings, and irreplaceable moments together.

    Share this knowledge: encourage conversation about regular diagnostics with fellow dog and cat families. Together, vigilance becomes strength. Together, lives are longer, brighter, and healthier.


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    Animal Wellness is North America’s top natural health and lifestyle magazine for dogs and cats, with a readership of over one million every year. AW features articles by some of the most renowned experts in the pet industry, with topics ranging from diet and health related issues, to articles on training, fitness and emotional well being.

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  • Holistic Health Care Promises a Longer, Healthier Life for Your Furry Companion | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Caring for a beloved companion involves more than just routine check-ups. Holistic animal care offers a perspective that emphasizes overall approach to the health and happiness of your furry friend. You have the power to enhance your furry friend’s quality of life.

    Embracing Holistic Treatments

    Holistic treatments provide a comprehensive approach to health. Acupuncture, for instance, promotes healing by stimulating specific points on the body. Many caregivers have reported remarkable improvements in their dog or cat’s mobility and energy levels after acupuncture sessions. Similarly, incorporating antioxidants into your furry friend’s diet can combat oxidative stress. This simple dietary adjustment supports overall health and boosts the immune system.

    The Role of Emotional Well-Being

    Don’t overlook emotional health. Stress can lead to behavioral issues and physical ailments. Create a calm environment by engaging in regular play, mindfulness exercises, and providing a safe space. Aromatherapy can also soothe anxiety. Essential oils like lavender offer comfort, promoting relaxation during stressful moments.

    Nutrition as a Foundation

    Nutrition serves as the cornerstone of holistic care. Transition to high-quality, balanced food rich in whole ingredients. Explore options that include omega-3 fatty acids, which support skin health and reduce inflammation. Regularly consult with a nutritionist to ensure dietary needs are met, especially as your furry companion ages.

    Preventive Health Measures

    Prevention is key to longevity. Schedule regular wellness exams to catch any potential issues early. Dental care, and parasite prevention should remain a priority. Incorporating regular exercise into your furry friend’s routine also strengthens muscles and promotes mental stimulation. Engage in activities like agility training or scent work to keep your furry companion active and happy.

    Building a Community of Care

    Sharing experiences fosters a supportive community. Connecting with others who embrace holistic animal care can provide fresh insights and encouragement. Online forums and local groups often share success stories, tips, and resources. This camaraderie enriches the journey of caring for your furry friend.

    Holistic care transforms the way you approach your furry companion’s health. Blending traditional methods with alternative therapies paves the way for a longer, more fulfilling life. Take this opportunity to learn more about how you can better care for your darling furbeings. You can study on your own or enroll in courses. Your commitment will enhance your furry friend’s well-being.

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  • Regenerative medicine for dogs and cats – Part 2 | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Want to slow the aging process in your animal companion? Part two of this article focuses on therapeutic options used in regenerative medicine, and how they promote better health and longevity. 

    Regenerative medicine is making headlines for its healing potential in dogs, cats, and humans. In the first part of this article (AW, Winter 24/25), we examined how it works and why it’s making waves in how we care for our animal companions.  Now we’ll explore in detail some of the therapeutic options used in regenerative medicine for dogs and cats.

    Go within to find the source of all healing 

    Numerous resources already address the healing benefits of supplements, food, and nutraceuticals, so I’m going to introduce the more esoteric forms of regeneration found within our bodies. 

    Fast fact: Aging is a progressive degenerative state. 

    As aging progresses, it depletes tissue stem cells, causes inflammation, alters the matrix, induces cellular senescence, and disrupts metabolic functions. 

    These changes reflect underlying molecular aberrations in mitochondria, intercellular communication, nutrient sensing, epigenetics and DNA repair. This results in genomic instability and damage, including telomere dysfunction.

    Cellular health, replication and division is the hallmark of longevity and total body health. 

    It relies on the proper function, expression and repair mechanisms of DNA in the cells.

    A cell has hundreds of thousands of parts that need to work together in an innate intelligently orchestrated process. This ensures a long and healthy life for that cell. What can we do to support this process?

    Telomeres and telomerase 

    Telomeres are genetic, repetitive, non-coding regions at the ends of a chromosome. A telomere gets shorter each time a cell divides. When it gets too short, the cell stops dividing and either dies or becomes a senescent cell. The length of a telomere predicts aging and disease. 

    Fast fact: A telomere is much like the aglet at the end of a shoelace.

    Telomere dysfunction coincides with many changes in the body, including:

    • Widespread tissue stem cell depletion
    • Progressive tissue atrophy
    • Germ cell depletion
    • Reduced ability to reproduce
    • Impaired adaptive immunity
    • Decreased memory
    • Delayed wound healing
    • Diminished stress responses
    • Increased hair graying and loss
    • Diminished cardiac function
    • Weakened skeletal frame
    • Increased cancer incidence
    • Overall frailty.

    Telomerase is an enzyme that prevents telomere destruction. Interestingly, cancer cells that don’t undergo apoptosis (cell death) have an abundance of this enzyme. The main focus of anti-aging and regenerative medicine is research into the use and production of telomerase.

    Conventional medicine is looking for ways to use uncertain and potentially dangerous gene therapies, but more natural methods can create this effect. 

    Mind-body medicine, which uses supplements, breathwork, sound therapy, and deep meditative and transcendental states, can yield positive physiological changes, biological upgrades, and DNA repair in the body. Supplements and nutrients like cat’s claw, astragalus root extract, milk thistle seed extract, and Korean ginseng extract may activate telomerase.

    Stem cell therapy

    Stem cells maintain the body’s overall health and integrity. A stem cell serves as a reserve cell that replicates and either remains in its reserve pool or replaces a damaged or aging cell. 

    Fast fact: A stem cell has the potential to differentiate into any type of cell in the body. 

    This gives stem cells the power to replace worn out, damaged, or diseased tissues. The possibility of rejuvenation and greater levels of recovery are the result. We’ve known about the existence and behavior of stem cells for the last 50 years and have been studying them as a form of regenerative treatment for 20 years.

    There are many types of stem cells, each with distinct characteristics and purposes. It’s therefore crucial to understand these different types, their limitations, and their potential benefits before doing any stem cell treatment. The type of cell line used, along with the activation process, depends on the knowledge and skill level of the veterinary practitioner. 

    Because of their maleable and transformative nature, and their existence within our bodies and those of our dogs and cats, stem cells can be harnessed, processed, activated, and infused back into the body. 

    Early research shows that stem cells can become any cell, depending on the environment they are exposed to and the culture medium they are in. 

    Fast fact: Inside the body (in vivo), our blood serves as the culture medium. 

    Our blood and cells orchestrate a deeply complex symphony of cell signaling mechanisms. Energetic, biochemical, hormonal, and intracellular processes send “information” to stem cells, activating their mechanisms of proliferation and differentiation — essentially determining what they become and how many they will be. 

    Studies show that biochemicals released by certain emotional states play an integral role in how cells behave. Substances like oxytocin, growth factor, dopamine, vasopressin and DHEA are secreted in response to elevated and positive emotions such as love, care, appreciation, and gratitude. 

    Conversely, substances like cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine and histamine are released in response to the negative emotions of fear, anxiety, anger, and frustration. 

    In the presence of these rejuvenating or depleting molecular compounds, all cells will either proliferate and grow or go into complete cell arrest and death. 

    Energy or frequency medicine

    Our world is bathed in the electromagnetic frequencies of light, sound, and quantum fields. Everything from subatomic particles to global body systems has a vibration and is surrounded by fields of energy. We can use vibration to interface with these fields to rebalance the distortions we call disease. 

    Fast fact: We and our dogs and cats are all essentially energy.

    Many studies have shown that cells communicate with each other via light and sound. Information is carried through biofields and other fields of energy that connect us with our animal companions. These fields of energy information interlink all organs and systems of the body and can be stimulated by light and sound frequencies. 

    We can do this by utilizing different frequencies measured in hertz (for sound) and nanometers (for light). Objects and technologies such as tuning forks, sound bowls, Tibetan gongs, music, toning, infrared and far-infrared light can be used.  

    In humans, more intangible therapies such as meditation, visualization, journeying, and guided prayer positively impact well-being, relationships, and overall life satisfaction. People report feeling more connected to their spirituality, experiencing a deep sense of peace and purpose, and finding guidance and clarity in life decisions.

    In other words, frequency medicine acts as a catalyst to support the body’s natural healing processes. 

    In conclusion

    We are not passive recipients of life’s circumstances. We are active participants in crafting our destiny. Our relationships with each other, and our dogs and cats, are entangled and interwoven through deep emotional bonds.

    Regenerative medicine for dogs and cats supports and utilizes the body’s own healing mechanisms. It accomplishes this through technology such as stem cell therapy, frequency medicine, nutritional therapy, and supplements.

    A simple exercise to try at home

    Set aside a dedicated time for you and your animal. Pick a quiet comfortable space without distractions. Play soft soothing music that resonates with you. Breathe deeply to oxygenate, visualize the healing mechanisms creating a healed state in your body, or that of your dog or cat, and embrace the regeneration. 

    Factors that affect telomerase

    Decrease telomerase:

    • Poor nutrition
    • Mental and emotional stresses
    • Lack of self-love or loss of love
    • Lack of purpose

    Increase telomerase:

    • Good nutrition
    • Exercise
    • Gratitude, positive outlook, feelings of hope
    • Self-love and love
    • Sense of purpose, being in service

    Telomerase in action 

    The Immortal Sea Jelly (Turritopsis dorhnii), a type of jellyfish, uses telomerase to regenerate under stress. 

    Under trauma, or any other situation that may threaten its life, this unique creature takes a pause to become very introspective. It becomes desensitized to its outer world, secretes large amounts of telomerase, and focuses all its energy into DNA repair and rejuvenation. 


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    Veterinarian Dr. Barrie Sands received her DVM degree from Ross University in 1991. She achieved her CVA certification from IVAS in 2003, followed by advanced training in food and herbal therapies and homeopathy. Dr. Sands has been working at the VCA Emergency and Referral Center in San Diego since 1996 in the Emergency Critical Care department, and is head of the Integrative Holistic department. She is a certified trainer for the Institute of HeartMath. Dr. Barrie authored the book The Stupid Things My Human Does; True Stories from the Animal ER.

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    Barrie Sands, DVM, CVA, HMCT

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  • Sustainable pet products for eco-conscious dog and cat parents | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Reduce your dog or cat’s carbon pawprint and support a sustainable lifestyle by switching to eco-friendly pet products, from food to toys.

    Environmentally conscious consumers strive to reduce their ecological footprint in all areas of their lives. This includes the products they buy for their dogs and cats. Sustainable pet products for eco-conscious dog and cat parents are becoming more available and popular as they contribute to a healthier planet and healthier animals. 

    Defining sustainable pet products

    Companies create sustainable pet products using environmentally friendly materials, ethical practices, and designs that reduce waste and harm to the planet. You can purchase these products in pet supply stores, from specialty companies, or online. Even neighborhood grocery stores are likely to have some of these items. 

    Foods and treats with a lighter “pawprint”

    One of the most significant areas where sustainable pet products have gained traction is pet food and treats. Many premium pet food brands are reducing their environmental impact. They do this by responsibly sourcing ingredients from local organic farms. 

    Some also incorporate ingredients that require less land and water for their production than livestock does. Lentils, chickpeas, insects, and seaweed are among the more environmentally friendly ingredients finding their way into pet foods and treats. 

    Sustainable ingredients are healthier for our dogs and cats. Natural and/or organic foods and treats don’t contain chemicals that can cause allergic reactions or skin irritations. Plant-based or alternative proteins may offer additional health benefits. These include reducing the risk of obesity or other conditions.

    Feeding a sustainable diet offers social and ethical benefits. For example, companies supporting fair trade principles help ensure employees receive fair wages and work in safe conditions. This approach contributes to better living standards in communities and countries where manufacturing may otherwise exploit labor forces. 

    Additionally, cruelty-free farming and testing help foster a more humane economy. 

    From toys to cat litter: making ecofriendly choices 

    Pet food and its packaging are only part of the equation. Sharing your home with a dog or cat involves more than just food. It also means purchasing a variety of other products, such as toys and bedding. 

    • Sustainable toys made from natural rubber, hemp or bamboo are becoming more available. These materials are safer for dogs and cats and biodegrade over time, leaving no harmful plastic residue. Some companies use recycled materials instead of new ones to create pet toys. This helps reduce the waste that ends up in landfills.
    • If you’re a cat parent, you need to factor litter into your sustainability program. Look for biodegradable or compostable litters made from recycled paper, wood, wheat, or corn. These materials break down faster than conventional clay. 
    • Manufacturers of pet bedding, apparel, leashes, and other accessories have also embraced sustainability. Choose items made from organic or recycled materials such as bamboo, hemp, natural latex, or even recycled plastic bottles. These products reduce waste while offering durability and style. 
    • You can buy sustainable grooming products as well. Shampoos and conditioners made from natural plant-based ingredients are biodegradable and free of harmful chemicals. This means they’re healthier for our dogs and cats, and safer for our waterways. Also look for brushes and combs made from recyclable plastics. 
    • Eco-friendly pet waste disposal is also important. Manufacturers design biodegradable and compostable poop bags to break down faster than plastic, using materials like cornstarch or plant-based polymers.
    • For fleas and ticks, opt for natural products containing essential oils such as eucalyptus and cedarwood, which effectively repel pests without the use of harmful chemicals. 

    All these approaches help promote awareness of environmental issues among animal parents and other consumers. Adopting eco-conscious choices helps us influence industry trends. It also encourages more companies to embrace sustainable practices.

    Sustainable pet products for eco-conscious dog and cat parents are easy to find now. Whether you choose just one category (e.g. food or cat litter) or make changes in every area, you’ll reduce waste, minimize harmful chemical exposure, and support eco-conscious manufacturing processes. Contribute to a healthier planet as well as a healthier dog or cat.

    Better food packaging options 

    As people choose sustainable foods and treats for their animals, their awareness of the impact of packaging also grows. Traditional pet food packaging has downsides. This is especially the case when it comes to plastics, which comprise a serious waste and pollution problem worldwide. 

    Some pet food companies reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable, recyclable, or compostable packaging. Others sell pet food in bulk. This encourages consumers to bring their own containers and reduces packaging waste.

    Shopping for sustainable pet products

    Alaska Naturals (tridentseafoods.com/brands/alaska-naturals): Fish oil toppers and treats made from wild salmon and pollock harvested with sustainable fishing practices. 

    APC (apcproteins.com): Uses blood from the meat processing industry to produce functional proteins for pet food, treats, and supplements, thereby diverting it from wastewater systems and landfills.

    Earth Animal (earthanimal.com): This pet food and wellness product company uses all recyclable, reusable or compostable packaging.  

    MIRANEST (miranest.com): Utilizes unused swiftlet nests from Borneo in its supplements; this rare superfood is rich in nutrients that boost cell health and the immune system. A portion of their sales goes to environmental conservation in Borneo.

    Shades of Gray Indigenous Pet Treats (indigenoustreats.ca): Uses sustainable, humane farming practices and ethically sourced local meats for their dog and cat treats. 

    Wapiti Labs (wapitielk.com): Sustainable elk velvet supplements for people and animals, as well as chews for dogs. The company raises its own elk. 

    ZIWI (us.ziwipets.com): Dog and cat food recipes made from free-range, grass-fed, ethically raised beef and lamb, local poultry, and wild-caught seafood. 


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    Linda Caradine is a Portland, Oregon-based writer and the Executive Director of Other Mothers Animal Rescue, founded in 2005 to give pregnant dogs and cats a second chance at a good life. Linda’s work has appeared in a variety of publications, and she is currently working on a book about starting and running her rescue organization.

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    Linda Caradine

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  • Chinese herbal medicine for dogs and cats – an introduction | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Find out how Chinese herbal medicine works to improve your animal companion’s health and help treat a range of conditions. 

    Both people and animals have long benefited from Chinese herbs, which can help treat a variety of health issues. Here’s an introduction to Chinese herbal medicine for dogs and cats. We’ll also look at how this complex but effective approach works. 

    Herbal medicine is an ancient modality 

    The use of medicinal herbs dates back thousands of years. In fact, herbs are considered one of the first medicines. Animals used plants as a primary source of healing long before humans did. They have an instinctive knowledge of which plants are safe and which are harmful.  

    As humans evolved, they observed their animal counterparts to better understand which plants would treat their ailments. Using these observations, ancient Chinese practitioners developed a new form of medicine. It’s known today as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), along with Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM) for our animal companions.  

    The first Chinese herbal book was known as the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (Shen Nong’s Book of Medical Herbs). It was compiled between 100 BC and 100 AD and contains information on 365 medicinal herbs. Throughout the centuries, scientific validation solidified the importance of herbal medicine in veterinary practice. 

    The foundation of Chinese herbal medicine: TCVM pattern diagnosis

    Before understanding Chinese herbal medicine, you must first have a basic knowledge of TCVM. On the surface, it seems quite simple. If something is hot, cool it off; if a deficiency occurs, strengthen or tonify it. In reality, however, TCVM is a very intricate and precise form of medicine.

    At the core of TCVM is the concept of pattern diagnosis. To achieve a proper pattern diagnosis the questions of “where” and “what” must be answered. 

    • The “where” uses the Five Elements theory (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water). Each element has specific characteristics and organ systems associated with it. The Five Elements theory helps determine the location of disharmony in the body. 
    • The “what” uses the Eight Principles of TCVM, including the Yin/Yang theory, the principles of Excess and Deficiency, Hot and Cold signs, and the Six Exogenous Pathogens to determine the specific cause of the disharmony.

    To successfully treat a dog or cat’s disharmony, the TCVM practitioner uses a detailed history along with specific diagnostic techniques. These include examining tongue color, feeling pulse quality, evaluating overall body appearance and temperature, and more. This helps the practitioner determine the pathology and what the pattern diagnosis is.

    The characteristics of Chinese herbs

    Understanding the properties and nature of Chinese herbal medicine allows the TCVM practitioner to prescribe the appropriate herbals. This allows for more specific treatment of disease processes within the body. 

    Herbal properties are based on how the herbs interact with the body, and are characterized by their energy or temperature, taste, and direction of influence within the body.

    When categorizing herbals by energy or temperature, they are placed into five groups: Cold, Cool, Neutral, Warm, and Hot. These fall along a natural continuum, which means Hot herbs are stronger than Warm herbs. Meanwhile, cold herbs are stronger and have a greater cooling energy than Cool herbs.

    1. Cold herbs produce anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and sedative actions.
    2. Cool herbs help reduce fevers, aid in detoxification, lower blood pressure, and soothe nerves.  
    3. Neutral herbs have a gentler effect and tend to help mediate the other herbs. They are often considered safer for extended periods of use. 
    4. Warm herbs can promote circulation and help alleviate chills. 
    5. Hot herbs tend to be used to promote and improve organ function and help stimulate and strengthen deficiencies.

    Taste is determined by the herb’s clinical effect, and the sensation it produces on the tongue. The blend of phytochemicals in any given herbal specimen also influences taste. The tastes associated with Chinese herbs are Sour, Bitter, Sweet, Pungent, and Salty.

    1. Sour herbs tend to be astringent. They help contract flaccid tissues, stop abnormal secretions or discharges, promote digestive enzyme secretion and liver function, and alter blood conditions.  
    2. Bitter herbs have anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, detoxifying, anti-viral, and anti-parasitic effects. 
    3. Sweet herbs help tonify Qi or Yang, nourish Blood or Yin, and soothe the Liver. They soothe acute diseases and regulate internal organ functions.  
    4. Pungent herbs stimulate blood circulation and distribute energy from the interior to the surface of the body. 
    5. Salty herbs are diuretic and can also help soften hard masses and resolve bumps. They have also been known to relieve constipation.

    Chinese herbal formulas and their components

    Ancient Chinese healers often used single herbs to treat disease conditions. Although this produced wonderful results, they discovered that combining herbs created a synergistic effect, allowing for more powerful and specific treatments.

    A Chinese herbal formula will often contain different quantities of several individual herbs. These herbs work together under the principles of TCM/TCVM. They balance disharmony within the body and treat the disease process. 

    A typical Chinese herbal formula may contain between four to 15 herbs. Each herb plays a key role within the formula. The four roles include the King (Emperor), Minister, Adjunct (Assistant), and the Messenger (Servant or Transporter). (See table on page xx for details.

    Chinese herbs – forms and dosing 

    Chinese herbs are available in powder, capsules, decoction, patent pill and extract granules, paste, and herbal wines/alcohol tinctures. 

    The species of the animal, pattern diagnosis, and severity of the disorder, determine dosing. The herbal formulation used, and its product specifications, also play a part. In general, the dosing for dogs and cats is 0.5 to 1 gram per ten to 20 pounds of body weight.

    Note: Before giving any herbal formula to your dog or cat, it’s very important to work with a holistic or integrative veterinarian who is knowledgeable and experienced in TCVM and Chinese herbal medicine.

    Common conditions treated with Chinese herbs

    Almost all conditions can be treated with Chinese herbal medicine. A few of the most common include arthritic and orthopedic conditions, geriatric problems, internal medicine conditions, and anxiety/ behavioral issues.

    Herbal formulas can be used on their own or combined with conventional treatments. Additional TCVM treatments such as acupuncture can help manage disharmonies in the body. These are frequently used to quickly provide relief and balance in the body. Chinese herbal medicine is often used to manage conditions that could take longer to correct.

    Chinese herbal medicine for dogs and cats is a modality with many facets. When used at the right dosing for treating a properly diagnosed TCVM pattern, it can be invaluable for correcting disharmonies that arise in your dog or cat.

    Chinese vs. Western herbs

    Many of the same herbs are used in both Chinese and Western modalities. One of the main differences is how they are used. 

    • Western herbs are usually used singly or in small combinations to help treat specific conditions from a broader, more generalized approach. 
    • Chinese herbs can be used singly but are more often utilized as a synergistic mixture of up to15 herbs. Practitioners use them within the TCVM framework to provide a more specific treatment protocol. This protocol focuses on pattern diagnosis and correcting disharmonies in the body.

    How safe are Chinese herbs?

    In general, when using the proper pattern diagnosis and a reputably sourced herbal at the proper dosing, Chinese herbal medicine can be very safe and effective. Diarrhea and vomiting are the most common side effects, with diarrhea reported most frequently. To ensure safety and optimal results, work with a veterinarian well-versed in TCVM.

    Key roles of individual herbs in Chinese herbal formulas

    King Herbal (Emperor)
    • The main part of the formula
    • Generates the major therapeutic effects and addresses the major pattern and underlying cause of the disease 
    • One to two herbal components in a formula
    Minister Herbal
    • Assists or enhances the effects of the King. 
    • Ranges from one to five components
    Adjunct Herbal (assistant)
    • Has three important roles:
    1. Treats minor causes of a disease or secondary patterns
    2. Can help suppress toxic or extreme activities of the King and Minister.
    3. Balances the energy for the whole formula  
    • An herbal formula has one to six assistants 
    Messenger
    • Acts as a harmonizer and peacemaker
    • Distributes the formula’s effects to the diseased areas or organs and coordinates the effects of the other ingredients in the formula
    • One to three messengers in a formula


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    Veterinarian Dr. Jared Mitchell graduated from Mississippi State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine in 2004. In 2010, he opened Mitchell Animal Clinic in Mobile, Alabama, and began incorporating holistic modalities into his practice. Dr. Mitchell is completing certification to become a Certified Veterinary Medical Aromatherapist through the VMAA, and plans to achieve certifications in herbal medicine, acupuncture, chiropractic and more.

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    Jared Mitchell, DVM, CVMA

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  • What You Need to Know About Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in Cats | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Toxoplasma gondii hides quietly within many cats, often without causing obvious illness. Yet, this microscopic parasite carries a risk that extends beyond your feline companion. Cats serve as the only hosts where T. gondii can reproduce sexually, shedding infectious oocysts into the environment through their feces. These oocysts can contaminate soil, water, and surfaces, posing infection risks to humans and other animals. Detecting this parasite early prevents the silent spread and protects everyone around your cat.

    Why Testing Matters

    Testing your cat for Toxoplasma gondii reveals whether it carries or sheds the parasite. Cats with antibodies have usually been infected before and are unlikely to shed infectious oocysts again. However, cats without antibodies are vulnerable to infection and can shed oocysts for up to two weeks after first exposure, contaminating their environment. Knowing your cat’s status helps you take targeted precautions, especially if anyone in your household is pregnant or immunocompromised as these groups are at higher risk of severe toxoplasmosis.

    Recognizing When Your Cat Needs Help

    Though many cats show no symptoms, toxoplasmosis can cause serious illness in some, including fever, lethargy, eye inflammation, respiratory issues, or neurological signs like seizures and muscle pain. If your cat displays any unusual signs, prompt veterinary evaluation and testing for T. gondii antibodies become crucial. Early diagnosis allows timely treatment, often with antibiotics such as clindamycin, which can prevent complications and improve outcomes.

    Holistic Approaches to Protect and Support Your Cat

    Beyond medication, holistic strategies reduce infection risk and support your cat’s immune health:

    • Keep cats indoors to prevent hunting infected prey, a common infection source.
    • Give your cat commercial dry or canned food.
    • Clean litter boxes daily since oocysts become infectious only after 1-5 days outside the host.
    • Provide a balanced diet rich in antioxidants and essential nutrients to boost immune defenses.
    • Use natural supplements like probiotics to maintain gut health, potentially limiting parasite colonization.
    • Maintain regular veterinary check-ups to monitor overall health and catch infections early.

    If you feed raw food to your cat, the following precautions can help reduce the risk:

    • Freeze raw meat for several days at sub-zero temperatures (0°F or -18°C) before feeding, as freezing can greatly reduce the chance of infection by inactivating the parasite. 
    • Handle raw meat with care: wash your hands thoroughly after handling raw meat, and clean all utensils, cutting boards, and surfaces with hot soapy water to avoid cross-contamination. 
    • Also, keep cats indoors to prevent hunting and exposure to infected prey animals.


    Infants, pregnant women, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of developing complications from toxoplasmosis. Pregnant women, or those trying to become pregnant, do not need to give up their cats – but they do need to modify their kitty-care routine. Cats can pass on toxoplasmosis (caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite) after eating infected rodents, birds or other small animals. The parasite is spread in the cat’s solid waste and can have severe consequences on a developing baby or anyone with a compromised immune system. If you’re pregnant, assign litter box cleanup to another person; if no one else is available, wear disposable gloves and wash your hands with warm soapy water – something we should all do anyway.

    According to the CDC, 60 million people are infected with toxoplasmosis, but never know it because their immune systems generally prevent the parasite from causing illness. The parasite can cross the blood brain barrier and persist in the brain for a long time resulting in stress and confusion. It can also induce risk taking behavior.

    Taking preventive action against Toxoplasma gondii isn’t just about your cat’s health—it safeguards your entire household. Understanding infection risks and adopting practical prevention and management steps help you reduce exposure to this stealthy parasite. 


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    Animal Wellness is North America’s top natural health and lifestyle magazine for dogs and cats, with a readership of over one million every year. AW features articles by some of the most renowned experts in the pet industry, with topics ranging from diet and health related issues, to articles on training, fitness and emotional well being.

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  • Inflammation in Dogs and Cats – Unveiling the Hidden Signs | Animal Wellness Magazine

    Inflammation in Dogs and Cats – Unveiling the Hidden Signs | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Spot inflammation in dogs and cats. Learn these key signs and natural solutions to improve your pets’ health and well-being.

    Inflammation is the body’s natural response to injury, infection, and harmful substances. While this can prove helpful in some cases, chronic or excessive inflammation can lead to various health issues in our animal companions. Recognizing the subtle signs early on can significantly improve their health. This guide will help you identify the hidden signs of inflammation in dogs and cats, as well as how to prevent and treat it.

     

    Understanding Inflammation in Dogs and Cats

    Inflammation involves redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. These signs often appear when your animal companion suffers an injury or infection. However, inflammation can also occur internally, affecting organs, joints, and tissues, which make it harder to detect.

     

    Common Causes of Inflammation

    Inflammation can be caused by a number of issues, including:

    1. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections trigger inflammation. Common examples include skin infections, ear infections, and dental infections.
    2. Injuries: Physical trauma such as cuts, sprains, or fractures lead to localized inflammation.
    3. Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis cause the immune system to attack healthy tissues, leading to chronic inflammation.
    4. Allergies: Reactions to certain foods, environmental allergens, or insect bites cause inflammation.
    5. Dietary Factors: Poor diet choices or food sensitivities contribute to chronic inflammation.

     

    How to Spot Hidden Signs of Inflammation in Dogs

    1. Behavioral Changes: Dogs may become more irritable, lethargic, or show signs of discomfort when touched.
    2. Digestive Issues: Chronic inflammation manifests as vomiting, diarrhea, or changes in appetite.
    3. Skin and Coat Changes: Look for redness, swelling, or unusual lumps under the skin. Dogs with allergies often develop dermatitis or otitis.
    4. Mobility Issues: Limping, stiffness, or reluctance to move indicate joint inflammation.

     

    How to Spot Hidden Signs of Inflammation in Cats

    1. Subtle Behavioral Changes: Cats may hide more, become less active, or show changes in grooming habits.
    2. Digestive Problems: Inflammation in the digestive tract causes vomiting, diarrhea, or weight loss.
    3. Skin and Coat Issues: Redness, swelling, or hair loss signal skin inflammation. Cats with allergies may develop dermatitis.
    4. Changes in Litter Box Habits: Difficulty urinating or defecating indicates inflammation in the urinary or digestive systems.

     

    Natural Supplement Duralactin® Helps Manage Inflammation

    Preventative measures for inflammation include a balanced diet rich in anti-inflammatory nutrients, regular exercise, avoiding both food and environmental allergens, and regular vet check-ups. When chronic inflammation in dogs and cats does occur, pet parents can consider Duralactin, a natural product derived from milk proteins that contains MicroLactin®. This patented dried milk protein concentrate reduces inflammation without the side effects often associated with traditional anti-inflammatory drugs. Duralactin can be particularly beneficial for dogs and cats, and even horses, with chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis or dermatitis. Check out the success stories from real pet parents here.

     

    By watching out for these hidden signs, you can get veterinary attention sooner and help your furry friends lead healthier, happier lives.


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    Animal Wellness is North America’s top natural health and lifestyle magazine for dogs and cats, with a readership of over one million every year. AW features articles by some of the most renowned experts in the pet industry, with topics ranging from diet and health related issues, to articles on training, fitness and emotional well being.

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  • Why cats benefit from a regular routine | Animal Wellness Magazine

    Why cats benefit from a regular routine | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    If something in your household has changed recently, you may notice your cat behaving oddly. Cats are very sensitive to their surroundings, and any disruptions to their routines or environments can lead to stress. These changes can range from a family member moving out to renovations in the home. Affected cats might exhibit physical and behavioral signs, such as hiding, anxiety, aggression, or eliminating outside the litter box. Let’s explore why the benefits of a routine for cats are crucial and how you can support your feline during times of transition.

    Why Do Cats Need Routine?

    Cats understand time, and perceive it through episodic memory, according to a 2018 study from Northwestern University. A routine translates to predictability, control over their environment, and a sense of safety. When cats feel secure, they don’t have to remain in “fight or flight” mode, allowing their immune systems to function properly.

    “The need for control is a biological imperative for survival,” state Dr. Tony Buffington and Melissa Bain, professors from UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. Their 2020 study found three levels of stressful events for cats, including changes in routine, and the following corresponding stress responses:

    1. Mild Stress Response: This brief, moderate stress allows cats to develop coping skills but requires a stable, predictable environment with supportive relationships.
    2. Moderate Stress Response: This arises from significant perceived threats, such as instability at home or illness. The manageability of stress depends on the cat’s perception of control.
    3. Severe Stress Response: Prolonged exposure to events like chronic abuse or illness results in severe stress that can have lasting effects.

    Cats can show a wide range of symptoms from stress, which may impact various organs and systems, including their gastrointestinal tract, skin, and even cardiovascular health. Recent findings point to the significance of “central sensitivity syndrome”, which results in a certain unpredictability of individual outcomes. Your veterinarian’s expertise can help predict symptoms based on your cat’s individual health issues, especially during transitions. Understanding the benefits of a routine for cats can help mitigate these stress responses.

    How to Support Your Cat Through a Difficult Transition

    Research suggests several strategies to help your cat adapt to a change in routine. While these tips are framed around moving to a new location, they can apply to various changes:

    • Prepare Your Kitty: Set expectations before the change occurs. For instance, when preparing to move, get your cat used to her carrier by associating it with positive experiences.
    • Provide Environmental Enrichment: Cats thrive on curiosity. Introduce new, safe areas for exploration to distract them from stress. In a new house, for example, introduce a vertical safe space first so your cat knows they can climb up to safety.
    • Utilize Olfactory Stimulation: A 2022 study demonstrated the connection between the olfactory system and stress response. Placing familiar scents, like toys or cat grass, in new spaces can help calm your cat.
    • Incorporate Natural Calming Strategies: Use soothing music specifically composed for cats, as their auditory systems are highly responsive.
    • Focus on Positive Reinforcement: Avoid punishment for unwanted behaviors, as this only heightens stress. Positive reinforcement fosters a sense of security.

    Change is an inevitable part of life, but by recognizing and taking steps to alleviate them, you can help your cat navigate through transitions. Understanding the benefits of a routine for cats during these times is essential.

    Research Into Feline Behavior

    Despite being domesticated for about 10,000 years, serious research into feline behavior and welfare has only gained traction in recent decades. Our understanding of how cats interact with their environment and each other continues to evolve.

    Studies indicate that a consistent routine is vital for feline well-being. This includes regular feeding schedules and stable interaction patterns with caregivers. Research from Ohio State University has linked changes in routine to sickness behaviors in cats, including decreased food intake, vomiting and inappropriate elimination.

    A 2013 study revealed additional stress-induced symptoms like fever, lethargy, and decreased activity levels. Stressors such as multiple unfamiliar caretakers or disrupted social interactions can exacerbate these issues.

    Natural Remedies for Routine Changes

    To help your cat manage routine changes, consider natural remedies like:

    By acknowledging your cat’s need for routine and taking proactive measures, you can help her feel secure and content, even amidst life’s inevitable changes. Recognizing the benefits of a routine for cats is key to ensuring their well-being.


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    Anna Killinger is a former university professor and researcher in the field of Sustainability and Human Attitudes Toward Animals. Being an Adoption Counselor at a local Humane Society enabled her to see how feline behavior changes in various environments. She currently takes care of four cats.

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  • How probiotics and prebiotics can help your cat’s digestion | Animal Wellness Magazine

    How probiotics and prebiotics can help your cat’s digestion | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Your cat’s digestive health impacts every area of her well-being. If things are off in her gut, then she’ll likely not be feeling her best and may develop problems ranging from diarrhea to poor immune function to behavioral issues. Along with a nutritious, species-specific diet and regular veterinary care, supplementing her with probiotics and prebiotics can help your cat’s digestion. 

     

    Understanding probiotics and prebiotics

    According to the Mayo Clinic, probiotics are foods or supplements that contain live microorganisms intended to maintain or improve the “good” bacteria (normal microflora) in the body. Probiotics are found in foods such as yogurt and sauerkraut. The microorganisms include Lactobacillus acidophilus and other Lactobacillus species, and certain strains of Bacillus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacteria, and Streptococcus, all of which are commonly found in over-the-counter probiotic supplements.

     

    Prebiotics, meanwhile, are typically found in high-fiber foods such as whole grains, bananas, soybeans and artichokes. They act as food for the gut microflora, and aid in digestion. They also help maintain immunity and healthy body weight, and reduce inflammation. Prebiotics are used with the intention of improving the balance of these particular microorganisms, which include Fructooligosaccharides (the most common type of prebiotic), Oligosaccharides, arabinogalactans and lactulose.

     

    Fast fact: All these microorganisms are part of what’s called the gut microbiome. Found primarily in the large and small intestine, the microbiome can be thought of as another organ and consists of trillions of microorganisms co-existing peacefully within the body.

     

    “Intestinal bacteria aid in digesting certain nutrients by providing enzymes that the body does not make on its own,” says retired veterinarian Dr. Jean Hofve of LittleBigCat.com. “These organisms manufacture several B vitamins and help maintain an acidic pH in the gut. They also prevent colonization of the digestive tract by pathological (disease-causing) organisms such as Salmonella and Candida.”

     

    When things get out of balance

    Cats have notoriously sensitive digestive tracts. The bacteria in their gut microbiome have a direct effect on overall health, influencing not only digestion, but also immune system function and nutritional metabolism, as well as moods and mental health. 

     

    Fast fact: “Gut dysbiosis” describes an imbalance between healthy and unhealthy bacteria. 

     

    In addition to causing commonly-recognized digestive issues such as diarrhea or vomiting, gut dysbiosis is the source of many additional illnesses such as kidney disease, diabetes, obesity, heart problems, pancreatitis, and even cancer.   

     

    Giving probiotics and prebiotics to your cat

     

    It should go without saying that if your cat seems unwell, you need to take her to the vet for a checkup before giving her any supplements, including probiotics and prebiotics. You need to know the cause of her symptoms before trying to treat them. If your cat’s health issues turn out to be caused by gut dysbiosis, then you and your vet can take steps to correct the problem.

     

    Veterinarian Dr. Scott Gavalet recommends the use of probiotics under two circumstances. “[They are the] first line in treating diarrhea, and to replace the good bacteria when we prescribe antibiotics,” he says. So if your cat has been on antibiotics, and/or is prone to vomiting, constipation, diarrhea or bloating in the absence of other pathologies, a probiotic can help boost her levels of good bacteria. 

     

    How to choose the right supplements

     

    The marketplace is full of probiotic and prebiotic products, ranging from powders and capsules to treats. Most are easily added to your cat’s food without affecting the taste. Some cat food companies also include these nutrients in their recipes. When choosing probiotics and prebiotics for your own cat, it’s imperative to look for high quality products made by a reputable company. 

     

    Fast fact: The digestive systems of cats and humans are quite different, so it’s important to use a supplement specifically formulated for cats, or better still, your individual feline.

    Talk to an integrative or holistic veterinarian about which products would be best for your own cat’s needs. In the meantime, here are two important points to keep in mind:

     

    1. Because cats are carnivores and depend on a protein-rich diet, it’s crucial to select supplements tailored to their nutritional needs. For instance, Enterococcus and Bifidobacterium are beneficial for cats. Enterococcus generally lives in the colon and aids in the formation of normal feces and maintaining colon health. Bifidobacterium is found in the small intestine and is responsible for improved digestion.

     

    1. Prebiotics are often used in conjunction with probiotics to facilitate digestion and balance gut health. Herbalist Greg Tilford recommends herbal prebiotics because of their low risk of side effects. He notes that prebiotics can fill in the gaps by providing beneficial plant-based nutrients that cats might not be getting in their food. 

     

    Correcting and supporting your cat’s gut health, under the supervision of your veterinarian, will have a positive effect on her overall health and happiness. Introducing the right probiotics and prebiotics can help your cat’s digestion, balance her microbiome and help her feel better. 

     

    Probiotics from yogurt

     

    Adding a probiotic to your cat’s diet can also include putting a teaspoon of plain, unsweetened yogurt in her food each day. Yogurt contains L acidophilus, the first bacterial strain to be identified and isolated, according to Dr. Hofve. L acidophilus was initially used in the 1920s and ‘30s to treat constipation and diarrhea in human patients. It has also long been given to patients after a course of antibiotics as a way to restore normal gut flora. 

     


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    Sally E. Bahner specializes in cat-related issues, specifically nutrition, holistic care and behavior. She has offered her services as a feline behavior and care consultant and gives classes on cat care. Sally is the resident cat behavior expert on Tracie Hotchner’s Cat Chat radio program, and a member of the Cat Writers’ Association and the International Association of Animal Behavior Consultants.

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  • Unveiling the Hidden Signs of Inflammation in Dogs and Cats | Animal Wellness Magazine

    Unveiling the Hidden Signs of Inflammation in Dogs and Cats | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Inflammation is the body’s natural response to injury, infection, and harmful substances. While this can prove helpful in some cases, chronic or excessive inflammation can lead to various health issues in our animal companions. Recognizing the subtle signs early on can significantly improve their health. This guide will help you identify the hidden signs of inflammation in dogs and cats, as well as how to prevent and treat it.

     

    Understanding Inflammation

    Inflammation involves redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. These signs often appear when your animal companion suffers an injury or infection. However, inflammation can also occur internally, affecting organs, joints, and tissues, which make it harder to detect.

     

    Common Causes of Inflammation in Dogs and Cats

     

    Inflammation can be caused by a number of issues, including:

     

    1. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections trigger inflammation. Common examples include skin infections, ear infections, and dental infections.
    2. Injuries: Physical trauma such as cuts, sprains, or fractures lead to localized inflammation.
    3. Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis cause the immune system to attack healthy tissues, leading to chronic inflammation.
    4. Allergies: Reactions to certain foods, environmental allergens, or insect bites cause inflammation.
    5. Dietary Factors: Poor diet choices or food sensitivities contribute to chronic inflammation.

     

    How to Spot Hidden Signs of Inflammation in Dogs

     

    1. Behavioral Changes: Dogs may become more irritable, lethargic, or show signs of discomfort when touched.
    2. Digestive Issues: Chronic inflammation manifests as vomiting, diarrhea, or changes in appetite.
    3. Skin and Coat Changes: Look for redness, swelling, or unusual lumps under the skin. Dogs with allergies often develop dermatitis or otitis.
    4. Mobility Issues: Limping, stiffness, or reluctance to move indicate joint inflammation.

     

    How to Spot Hidden Signs of Inflammation in Cats

    1. Subtle Behavioral Changes: Cats may hide more, become less active, or show changes in grooming habits.
    2. Digestive Problems: Inflammation in the digestive tract causes vomiting, diarrhea, or weight loss.
    3. Skin and Coat Issues: Redness, swelling, or hair loss signal skin inflammation. Cats with allergies may develop dermatitis.
    4. Changes in Litter Box Habits: Difficulty urinating or defecating indicates inflammation in the urinary or digestive systems.

     

    Natural Supplement Duralactin® Helps Manage Inflammation

     

    Preventative measures for inflammation include a balanced diet rich in anti-inflammatory nutrients, regular exercise, avoiding both food and environmental allergens, and regular vet check-ups. When chronic inflammation does occur, pet parents can consider Duralactin, a natural product derived from milk proteins that contains MicroLactin®. This patented dried milk protein concentrate reduces inflammation without the side effects often associated with traditional anti-inflammatory drugs. Duralactin can be particularly beneficial for dogs and cats, and even horses, with chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis or dermatitis. Check out the success stories from real pet parents here.

     

    By watching out for these hidden signs, you can get veterinary attention sooner and help your furry friends lead healthier, happier lives.

     

     


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    Animal Wellness is North America’s top natural health and lifestyle magazine for dogs and cats, with a readership of over one million every year. AW features articles by some of the most renowned experts in the pet industry, with topics ranging from diet and health related issues, to articles on training, fitness and emotional well being.

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  • Why an integrative approach for asthma in cats is the best option  | Animal Wellness Magazine

    Why an integrative approach for asthma in cats is the best option  | Animal Wellness Magazine

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    Feline asthma is caused by allergic inflammation. An integrative approach for asthma in cats that combines conventional medications, alternative therapies, and environmental modifications is often the most successful.

     

    Did you know that up to 5% of all cats will be affected by asthma in their lifetimes? The most common reason for coughing in cats, this condition is also referred to as allergic bronchitis, which names its root cause — allergic inflammation. Symptoms often first appear in young to middle-aged cats, and are triggered by many of the same allergens that affect humans – e.g. mold, pollen, dust and dust mites, cigarette smoke, and household chemicals. If your own kitty has been diagnosed with asthma, know that an integrative treatment approach that includes alternative therapies and environmental modifications often yields the best results.

     

    How is feline asthma diagnosed?

     

    Although coughing most often signals asthma in cats, other causes include intestinal parasites, viral or bacterial infections, and heart disease. This means a proper veterinary diagnosis is vital.

     

    1. X-rays (radiographs): If your cat is coughing, the first thing your veterinarian will recommend is a series of radiographs of their lungs and heart. Feline asthma has a very specific pattern that is evident with an x-ray. For some cats with early disease, an x-ray will look normal. This may change if your kitty’s asthma progresses, and does not prohibit the initiation of treatment.

     

    1. Fecal test: Checking your cat’s stool for parasites is important, especially if he was recently rescued or has access to the outdoors. Some parasites migrate through the lungs, causing inflammation, coughing and wheezing.

     

    1. Laboratory testing: Your veterinarian will also recommend lab tests such as a complete blood count, a chemistry panel, a total T4, and a urinalysis. These tests will screen your kitty for other diseases that could be affecting his health.

     

    Integrative approaches for cats with asthma – diet and supplements

     

    For cats that are coughing regularly and have mild to moderate symptoms, I start the treatment plan with alternative therapies.

     

    First off, a diet high in protein and moisture and low in carbohydrates reduces overall inflammation in the cat’s body. I recommend a high quality canned or commercially-prepared raw diet that uses high pressure processing (HPP).

     

    In addition to a good diet, the following supplements may negate the need for steroids (more on these below),or reduce the dosage of steroids required.

     

    • CBD: Hemp extracts rich in CBD also contain other phytocannabinoids and terpenes that help reduce inflammation. I start patients with 2 mg twice daily, given with food.

     

    • Probiotics: The bacteria in your cat’s gut play an important role in immune function. When probiotics are taken orally, a significant change occurs in the bacteria in your cat’s airways. Daily use of probiotics not only supports healthy digestion but may also decrease inflammation in the respiratory tract.

     

    • Chinese herbs: Classical Chinese herbal formulas can play an important role in decreasing allergies and inflammation. A veterinarian who specializes in Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine can prescribe an herbal formula customized to your cat’s constitution.

     

    • Fish oil: Omega-3 fatty acids possess proven anti-inflammatory properties for many parts of your cat’s body including their skin, heart, joints and brain.

     

    • Quercetin: This flavonoid is often referred to as nature’s antihistamine, and can help reduce allergic inflammation.

     

    Steroids – the standard conventional treatment 

     

    Steroids are the mainstay of the traditional approach to feline asthma. Although many people are concerned about the potential detrimental side effects of steroids, these powerful medications can be effective when needed, if used responsibly. There are three types of steroids that may be used to medicate your kitty:

     

    1. Inhaled: Fluticasone is an inhaled steroid given to cats to control lung inflammation. The advantage of inhaled steroids is that they are applied directly to the part of the cat’s body needing treatment, and therefore have fewer side effects in other parts. Fluticasone inhalers can be purchased at your local pharmacy with a prescription from your veterinarian. Most cats are amenable to having the mask placed on their faces, and are only required to take a few breaths after the inhaler is discharged. Fluticasone can be used once or twice daily. It may be prescribed regularly or on an as needed basis.

     

    1. Oral: Prednisolone is an oral steroid that comes in tablets, meltable tablets and liquid. This steroid may have a stronger effect on controlling asthma, as well as other inflammation in the body such as inflammatory bowel disease. However, oral steroids may have more side effects than inhalants. Cats that need to be rescued from severe inflammation may take both oral and inhaled steroids at the same time.

     

    1. Injectable: This type of steroid is less popular among veterinarians as they are long-acting and harder to control. Cats with severe asthma that aren’t able to be medicated at home benefit from injectable steroids becuase they provide control for weeks or months without the need for daily medication administration.

     

    Side effects of steroids

     

    When given at the correct dose, the majority of cats tolerate steroids and benefit from their use. However, there are a few serious side effects to keep in mind.

     

    • Diabetes mellitus. Occasionally, steroid use causes cats to become diabetic. This frequently occurs at the beginning of treatment and can be reversed if detected quickly. As the steroid dose increases, so does the risk of diabetes.
    • Heart failure. For cats with underlying heart disease, steroids may hasten its progression and cause heart failure. Your veterinarian or a veterinary cardiologist can test the function of your cat’s heart before starting him on steroids, if there is a concern.

     

    Medications to open airways

     

    Another class of medications dilates the airways and makes breathing easier for cats in distress. They can be inhaled or given in pill form. These non-steroidal medications are usually paired with steroids for added benefits

     

    While an asthma diagnosis in your cat can feel overwhelming, consulting with an integrative veterinarian who is willing to work with you on a treatment plan, along with taking steps to reducing allergens in your home, will soon have him breathing easier.

     

    Does your cat have a cough or hairball?

     

    Many people assume their cats are expelling a hairball when they have a coughing fit. In reality, coughing kitties are often having asthmatic episodes. When cats cough, they extend their necks, crouch, and make repeated expiratory wheezing sounds. Many cats appear to swallow after the episode. They are not swallowing a hairball, but most likely a small amount of mucus from their lungs.

     

    Environmental modifications

     

    If your cat has asthma, it’s important to make some changes in your home to minimize the burden of allergens that could be affecting him. Here are several ways to do so:

     

    • Consider HEPA filters to remove dust and allergens from the air
    • Use a low-dust cat litter
    • Vacuum your home and upholstery regularly
    • Wash bedding frequently
    • Dust surfaces often
    • Use natural cleaning products.


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    Veterinarian Dr. Angie Krause graduated from Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine in 2007. She incorporates many modalities into her practice, including acupuncture and herbal formulas as well as laser therapy, myofascial release, physical therapy, nutrition and more. Dr. Angie’s goal is to use the body’s innate healing ability to improve the health and longevity of dogs and cats. She has a house call practice called Boulder Holistic Vet (BoulderHolisticVet.com).

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    Angie Krause, DVM, CVA, CCRT

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