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Everyone knows that three wise men visited the baby Jesus, or did they?
From Christmas decorations to hymns, there are countless references to three men from the east who came bearing gifts.
Who were these men, what did they bring, and were there actually three of them?
Read on to learn the facts about the three wise men.
Did three wise men visit Jesus?
There’s no better place to start our research than the Christian holy book, the Bible. Mathew and Luke tell the story of Jesus’ birth, but only Matthew details the visit of the wise men or magi.
It begins with the wise men from the east journeying to Jerusalem to see baby Jesus.
Recall that Mary and her husband, Joseph, were in Bethlehem following a new tax order.
Experts say the wise men were astrologers. They spotted a star in the sky that told them a new king had been born, which led them to baby Jesus.
The news of a newborn king couldn’t be hidden for much longer, and word eventually got out to King Herod. To him, this meant he would lose his throne soon.
King Herod set up a team of priests and teachers to determine where the new king would be born. They dug through records and prophecies and figured out it would be in Bethlehem.
With this information, King Herod struck a deal with the wise men.
They would go ahead to see the baby and return to Jesus’ exact location so that he could worship the new king too.
This was a lie, of course, as no king would be that excited to greet their successor.
Notice anything about this tale? There’s no mention of how large the group of wise men was.
The Bible calls them “wise men” or “magi,” depending on your version. If the source material doesn’t tell us how many wise men visited Jesus, why does everyone say three? The gifts!
When the wise men finally got to see the baby Jesus, they presented him with three gifts, gold, frankincense, and myrrh.
Most assume there were three visitors, but we can’t be sure since there’s no exact record supporting this.
Some traditions believe in there being more than three wise men. After all, while there were three gifts, more men could put resources together to get them.
Early Eastern Christian traditions say there were 12 magi.
What are the names of the wise men?
Flip through the Bible from start to finish, and you won’t find the wise men’s names.
Luckily, traditions passed down for generations tell us who they were.
There’s Gaspar from India, Melchior from Persia, and Balthazar from Arabia.
Names from other legends include Hormizdadh, Izgarad, Perozadh, Tanisuram, Maliko, and Zesesba.
What did the gifts from the wise men symbolize?
The magi brought gifts with prophetic significance.
Gold symbolizes Jesus’ royal status among the Jews. It was used to represent God and all things holy, such as the ark of the covenant, making it a fitting present for the son of God.
Frankincense holds a special place in Christian and Jewish worship. It’s an aromatic resin obtained from the bark of certain trees and burned on altars during religious ceremonies.
It represents Jesus’ divine nature.
Lastly, myrrh, an aromatic tree spice, signifies Jesus’ mortality. It was an essential ingredient in the traditional burial ritual.
What happened to the wise men?
Recall that the wise men struck a deal with King Herod at the start of their journey.
As expected, King Herod’s intentions were not pure, as he looked to harm the new baby who threatened his throne.
According to Mathew’s account, the magi got a warning of the king’s plans, so they took a different way home.
Joseph, Mary’s husband, also got wind of the threat from an angel in a dream, so he took his family to Egypt.
This kept them safe from King Herod’s reach.
Wise men, kings, or magi, we know they were gift-bearing visitors who found baby Jesus by following the star of Bethlehem.
Unfortunately, the Bible doesn’t specify if they were three, two, or twelve men.
On the bright side, they came with three treasures symbolic of Jesus’ origin and life.
Therefore, they’ll remain a core part of Christmas celebrations.
Evidence from the oldest DNA ever analyzed indicates that northern Greenland used to be a lush wonderland where mastodons, reindeer, geese, and hares once lived among a wide array of trees and other greenery. Greenland’s ecosystem surprise was reported in the journal Science in December 2022.
Why is ancient Greenland’s ecosystem such a surprise?
Today, Greenland’s ecosystem is far less varied thanks to its extreme Arctic climate. While you will find moss, lichen, small trees, and bushes in the tundra, it’s still largely considered an Arctic desert.
According to Eske Willerslev, a paleogeneticist at the University of Cambridge and a co-author of the study,
“No one would have predicted an ecosystem like this. Some species you find further south in Greenland, but a number you don’t find in the Arctic at all. It’s an ecosystem with no analog in the present day.”
Ancient DNA
According to Science (cited below), the insights into Greenland’s ancient past “come from the oldest DNA ever recovered: 2-million-year-old snippets of genetic material from more than 100 kinds of animals and plants, extracted from buried sediments.”
So not only is the information about Greenland’s ecosystem special, but the ability to use short and partially decayed DNA from millions of years ago is an exciting development.
According to Smithsonian Magazine, “Beyond evidence of reindeer, geese and one mastodon, [the researchers] also found signs of marine species, including horseshoe crabs and green algae. In this era of the island’s geologic history, temperatures were around 18 to 31 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than they are in Greenland today.”
Needless to say, scientists are excited about the finds.
“I wouldn’t have, in a million years, expected to find mastodons in northern Greenland,” said Love Dalen, a paleogeneticist at Stockholm University in Sweden.
“It feels almost magical to be able to infer such a complete picture of an ancient ecosystem from tiny fragments of preserved DNA,” said Beth Shapiro, an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz. — WTF fun facts
Senator Kyrsten Sinema jolted Democratic hopes of obtaining a clear majority in the next Congress when she announced on Friday that she has switched her party affiliation to independent. “Like a lot of Arizonans, I have never fit perfectly in either national party,” she wrote in an op ed in the…
Have you ever wondered where all the super-smart people in America actually live? According to a recent analysis by PennStakes.com, New England shines with some of the brightest brains in the nation.
To determine the overall smartest states in the U.S., researchers looked at a few key factors, including the number of academic degrees within the area’s population, as well as the average IQ, SAT, and ACT scores of residents. Massachusetts, home of Harvard University and a plethora of other prestigious colleges and schools, earned the top spot, with an overall index score of 93.9. The Bay State had the highest percentage of bachelor’s degrees (44.98 percent) and advanced degrees (20.30 percent) within its population, as well as the highest overall average ACT scores (27.6), and second-highest average IQ scores (103.1) in the country.
Aside from Massachusetts, Connecticut—which is home to Yale University—had the second highest rank in the nation with an overall index score of 73.8. Maryland (72.8), Virginia (72.5), and Vermont (72.2) round out the top five. While New Hampshire didn’t make the top five, the Granite State did have the highest average IQ score (103.2) in the U.S., while Minnesota had the third-highest IQ scores (102.9) and the most stellar SAT scores (1263).
Is your state one of America’s smartest? Find out the brain power of the top 20 below, according to the results.
The Daily Showdown "This is it, my final show, and I've got a ton of cleanup to do so I can get the security deposit back on the studio," Trevor Noah joked on Thursday's Daily Show, his swan song after hosting Comedy Central's late-night topical comedy program for seven years. The hour-long…
U.S. cryptocurrency miners would be required to report greenhouse gas emissions under a new bill submitted to the Senate, reflecting criticism among some lawmakers that the large amount of electricity used to verify transactions on proof-of-work blockchains such as Bitcoin is adding to use of…
Upon the release of Silent Night, Deadly Night in November 1984, film critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert had few kind words. Siskel in particular took offense at the film, which follows an axe-wielding Santa Claus on a killing spree, labeling it “quite sick.”
But the critic wasn’t finished. In a segment for their syndicatedAt the Movies program, Siskel dubbed television ads for the movie “sick and sleazy and mean-spirited. So let’s repeat the names of the people who did it.” Siskel went on to name distributor Tri-Star Pictures, which was a conglomerate comprised of Columbia Pictures, CBS, and HBO, as well as writer Michael Hickey, director Charles E. Sellier, Jr., and producer Ira Barmak. “Your profits truly are blood money,” Siskel said.
He finished by naming Silent Night, Deadly Night as one of the two most “contemptible” films he had ever seen, the other being the notoriously brutal 1972 Wes Craven film I Spit on Your Grave.
At a time when another bloodthirsty Santa Claus is succeeding at the box office in the form of Violent Night, such venom seems out of place. But Siskel was no outlier. When Silent Night, Deadly Night hit theaters, everyone from parent groups to protesters responded with a chorus of yuletide jeers, making it one of the most controversial films of the decade.
According to co-executive producer Scott Schneid, no one involved in the making of Silent Night, Deadly Night anticipated that the movie would provoke a national revolt. “It never occurred to me for one second,” he told Diabolique Magazine in 2013. “I thought we were making an R-rated movie for a teenage audience. I never thought for a second it was going to piss anyone off.”
Silent Night, Deadly Night wasn’t the first time a homicidal Santa had invaded popular culture. Most notably, 1980’s low-budget thriller Christmas Evil had depicted a tormented man named Harry Stadling (Brandon Maggart) who decides to adopt the Santa persona to reward good people and punish the naughty (with an axe). It probably didn’t help that Harry once witnessed “Santa” in carnal relations with his mother when he was just a child.
While Christmas Evil is reputedly a favorite film of director John Waters, it largely escaped mainstream attention. But Silent Night, Deadly Night launched homicidal Santas into the spotlight. And it all began in a Harvard University dorm room.
According to Dread Central, Harvard undergrad Paul Caimi wrote the script, originally titled He Sees You When You’re Sleeping, as a class assignment. The story found its way to Scott Schneid, a Harvard alum and talent agent who, along with partner Dennis Whitehead, was looking for a film to back as a producer. Schneid and Whitehead optioned the script based on the general premise of a berserk Claus with the intent of reworking it.
“This was in the day of Friday the 13thand the first Halloween and I thought this could be a potential for a teenage franchise,” Schneid toldDiabolique Magazine in 2013. “A psycho dressed in a Santa Claus suit on the loose, Christmas Eve, all the visual imagery, the iconic Santa … you know, Christmas imagery, interweaving that into the killings. I thought as naturally teenagers are the most rebellious creatures on the planet, they would love the concept.”
Whitehead enlisted writer Michael Hickey, who came up with the premise: After witnessing his parents being murdered by a man dressed as Santa, young Billy Chapman grows up to become a slasher Claus. In keeping with the motif, one victim is dispatched with antlers; another is done in by Christmas lights; a child is threatened while sitting on Santa’s lap. In terms of holiday cheer, it was quite a few rungs below A Charlie Brown Christmas.
Schneid and Whitehead took the script (then titled Slayride) to Tri-Star, which saw value in producing a modest horror film for big profit margins. They assigned it to producer Ira Barmak as part of a two-picture deal, the other of which was a comedy. Barmak would later recall no one at Tri-Star seemed to study the movie with much scrutiny. It was possible no one other than junior executives had read the script. If true, it was an oversight they’d soon come to regret.
Silent Night, Deadly Night opened in limited release in roughly 400 theaters on November 9, 1984, the same weekend asA Nightmare on Elm Street. Despite Wes Craven’s film being equally unsettling, as burn victim Freddy Krueger stalks teens in their dreams, it was Silent Night that bore the brunt of parents’ wrath.
Unlike Christmas Evil, Silent Night was backed by a potent Tri-Star television advertising campaign. Across the country, primetime viewers—many of them children—were blanketed by ads of a Santa cradling an axe while sliding down a chimney. It was a stark contrast to Santa’s typical, jolly benevolence. To astonished parents and watchdog groups, it was like handing Big Bird a machete.
Though the TV spots were soon relegated to after 9 p.m.—presumably when school-aged kids would be getting ready for bed—few people were placated.
“Some Say Movie May Cause Irreparable Harm” read one Asbury Park Press headline, with the article going on to say the ads could prompt “phobic reactions” in children. A psychologist warned that kids might even “regress” in their toilet training.
“That’s like having the Easter Bunny go out and strangle everybody,” one annoyed mall Santa told the paper. “I think it’s totally unconscionable, and theater managers who show it are irresponsible and have no feelings for the holidays.”
The backlash the week following the film’s opening was demonstrated in picketers and protests outside of theaters screening it.
“Believe it or not, we actually had to cross the picket line,” Schneid said of going to his first produced film. “People were holding banners saying ‘Santa ain’t no hitman’ and ‘Deck the halls with holly not bodies.’”
One of the most vocal opponents was Kathleen Eberhardt of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, who drummed up publicity for banning the film by creating an advocacy group, Citizens Against Movie Madness, or CAMM. The publicized protests were copied in other cities, which led to further media coverage, and even further condemnation.
Within days, theaters in three states—New York, Wisconsin, and New Jersey—pulled the film from screens, and Tri-Star’s marketing arm was working overtime to try and quell the backlash. The film, the studio insisted, was rated R, meaning no kids under 17 could be admitted without a parent.
It was of little use. By November 24, Tri-Star made the decision to pull the film from a planned wide release. The studio said the lack of television spots had impacted the box office. (When Tri-Star let go of distribution rights, the film received a modest re-release via Aquarius Film Releasing sans any television ads in May 1985.)
But that may not have told the whole story. In a post-mortem for the Los Angeles Times, an unnamed executive told reporter Deborah Caulfield that Tri-Star may have stumbled by paying little attention to the homicidal Santa premise before greenlighting the movie. It wasn’t until the film was completed that one executive began having second thoughts, wondering if it should even be released. Moreover, at the time, Columbia was owned by Coca-Cola, purveyor of a friendly Santa who quaffed soda.
Eberhardt said she was pleased by the result and vowed she would be there to protest in the event there was a Silent Night, Deadly Night II. There was, of course. Despite the backlash, the original film made a decent $3.2 million in just over two weeks of release and became a success on home video. Part II, which was released in 1987, was one of four sequels, none of which captured the hysteria over the original. There was also a remake in 2012. Worse than offensive, critics wrote, it was simply boring.
Looking for a new movie to watch, or at least a movie that’s new to you? Mental Floss’s new book, The Curious Movie Buff: A Miscellany of Fantastic Films from the Past 50 Years, offers behind-the-scenes details and amazing facts about some of the greatest movies of the past half-century. And it’s available now at your favorite place to buy books, or online right here.
From cat burning to divorce by combat, these facts show exactly why the medieval period is known as the “Dark Ages.”
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Though spoons and knives were used during the Middle Ages, it took longer for forks to catch on. In medieval England, men called forks a “feminine affectation” and used their fingers to eat instead.Public Domain
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During the Middle Ages, animals could stand trial for crimes ranging from trespassing to murder. Many of these creatures were hanged or burned at the stake if they were found guilty.Public Domain
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Thirteenth-century English philosopher Roger Bacon hypothesized that the future would see cars “made so that without animals they will move with unbelievable rapidity.” He also said that humans would create “flying machines.”Public Domain
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Medieval men often signaled their social status by the length of their footwear. Because of this, some men’s shoes became so long that they had to be reinforced with whalebone.Public Domain
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In what is now Germany, a couple could divorce by combat. To make the fight fair, the husband had to stand in a hole while attacking his wife. Public Domain
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Landlords in the Middle Ages accepted more than just money from their renters. They also accepted eggs, ale, grain, and eels, which could be found in abundance in rivers in England. They ate the eels and used them to pay off debts of their own. Public Domain
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King Edward III of England demanded that his subjects practice archery every weekend. The Archery Law of 1363 “forbade, on pain of death, all sport that took up time better spent on war training especially archery practise.”Public Domain
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Criminals sometimes faced odd punishments, like wearing animal masks or a badge that detailed their crime. For example, someone who was found guilty of perjury might be forced to wear a badge that showed two red tongues.Public Domain
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Some historical accounts suggest that a group of children took up arms and tried to join the Crusades during the 13th century. However, Pope Innocent III purportedly told them that they were too young and suggested they go home.Public Domain
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To prove a murderer’s guilt, people in the Middle Ages might place a suspect in the same room as a murder victim. If the corpse showed “fresh bleeding” afterward, that was considered a sign that the suspect was guilty.Public Domain
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By some calculations, medieval peasants ate as much as two to three pounds of rye bread a day. But before the autumn harvest, they sometimes used old rye to make the bread. Little did they know, this rye could be infected with ergot, a fungus from which LSD can be extracted.Public Domain
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To accentuate their foreheads, some medieval women would pluck their eyebrows, their eyelashes, and even their hairlines.The National Gallery
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Though the story of the chastity belt being invented to keep wives faithful to their husbands was accepted for years, the truth about this curious object is much more complicated. It’s possible that it started out as a medieval joke.Public Domain
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In the 13th century, Pope Gregory IX declared that cats were instruments of the Devil, which led to a feline purge across the entire continent. Many cats were burned to death for public entertainment, especially black cats.Wellcome Collection
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Toilets in the Middle Ages were often very simple, primitive versions of an outhouse. Even if you lived in a fancy castle, the toilet was just a hole that emptied straight into the moat outside.University of Reading/Facebook
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In July 1184, dozens of European nobles perished after the floor of a church in modern-day Germany — where they’d gathered to discuss a land dispute — collapsed beneath their feet. The unfortunate nobles dropped into the cesspool below. Many drowned in excrement, a disgusting incident known as the Erfurt Latrine Disaster. Pubilc Domain
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The Codex Gigas is the largest medieval manuscript in the world. And it was allegedly written with help from the Devil.
As the story goes, a monk in Bohemia named Herman the Recluse broke his monastic vows. To avoid punishment, he promised to write up all of the world’s human knowledge in one night. He allegedly did so — with assistance from Satan.
Wikimedia Commons
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Modern-day Americans work an average of 1,780 hours a year, according to a recent study, whereas male medieval peasants in the United Kingdom worked an average of 1,620 hours a year.
Public Domain
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Some medieval people purportedly believed that building someone into the walls of a fortress — a cruel torture and execution method known as immurement — would strengthen it. Perhaps most disturbingly, children were allegedly sacrificed in this manner in Germany.Wikimedia Commons
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Odd-looking “vampire fish” called lampreys were a favorite meal among British royals in medieval times. King Henry I is even said to have died from a “surfeit of lampreys” in 1135.NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory/Flickr
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No one knows what caused the dancing plague that broke out in Strasbourg in modern-day France in 1518, which caused hundreds of people to dance uncontrollably for weeks.
However, theories have ranged from mass hysteria to LSD-like effects triggered by ergot-infected rye bread. By the time this strange chapter of medieval history ended, up to 100 people had died from too much dancing.
Public Domain
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People in the Middle Ages believed that trepanning could also cure headaches and even possession by evil spirits.Public Domain
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Medieval people came up with numerous ways to torment each other, but one of the worst was rat torture. The torturer would place a rat in a half-opened cage on the victim’s abdomen and heat it from above. The rat, desperate to escape, would then burrow straight into the victim’s gut.Public Domain
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Gong farmers, also known as
“nightmen,” harvested human excrement from castle moats in Wales and England to sell to local farmers, who used it as fertilizer to grow crops.Public Domain
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Across South and Southeast Asia — especially in India — enemy soldiers and even locals who were found guilty of crimes like tax evasion were sometimes subjected to death by elephant. Public Domain
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Of all the medieval execution methods, gibbeting was among the worst. Some condemned criminals were locked in gibbets, or human-shaped cages, and left to hang in them outside, eventually dying of exposure or starvation. But sometimes, the gibbets showcased already-deceased criminals as a warning to others.Public Domain
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There’s little evidence that Vikings wore horned helmets — or any helmets at all. And the concept of the horned helmet might actually originate from the 1876 opera Der Ring des Nibelungen.Public Domain
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Viking women had a say in who they married and could own property, request a divorce, and reclaim their dowry if their marriage ended.Public Domain
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Bran Castle in Transylvania is popularly known as “Dracula’s Castle” because Vlad the Impaler was allegedly once imprisoned there. Historians believe that this draconian ruler of Wallachia (located in present-day Romania) killed 80,000 people and impaled 20,000 of them.Todor Bozhinov/Wikimedia Commons
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A famine at the beginning of the 14th century wiped out huge percentages of medieval Europeans. It also forced some mothers to make agonizing choices, which may have inspired the Brothers Grimm to write Hansel and Gretel.Public Domain
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The so-called defenestration of Prague led to the Thirty Years’ War. During that conflict, eight million people lost their lives to violence and famine.Public Domain
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Of all these medieval dishes, peacock was perhaps the most impressive, as the bird was often served with its illustrious plume intact.Public Domain
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In addition, the Groom of the Stool recorded the king’s bowel movements and transported the royal toilet. This was considered a powerful position, as whoever held it had the king’s ear. Public Domain
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This muzzle-like device humiliated the gossiper — and kept her from spreading more rumors.Public Domain
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After William the Conqueror was fatally impaled by the pommel of his own saddle, his body was laid to rest in a too-small grave. Unfortunately, this caused the king’s corpse to explode at his funeral. One account describes the horrific event, writing: “the swollen bowels burst, and an intolerable stench assailed the nostrils of the by-standers and the whole crowd.”Public Domain
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In the 14th century, the plague killed an estimated 30 to 60 percent of all Europeans.Public Domain
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While copying out medieval manuscripts by hand, monks often left shocking notes and drawings in the margins, which have complicated modern scholars’ views of the Middle Ages.Public Domain
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37 Facts About The Middle Ages That’ll Make You Glad You Live In The 21st Century
The medieval period is often thought of as a time of kings, castles, knights, and damsels. But this era was far more violent and bizarre than most realize — as these 37 facts about the Middle Ages will prove.
The medieval era, which stretched from roughly the 5th century C.E. to the 15th century, was a period of strange customs. Just like today, people eagerly followed the latest fashion trends, no matter how questionable. Take women’s beauty standards. Hoping to achieve a round, smooth face, women took to plucking their eyebrows, eyelashes, and even their hairlines.
Public DomainWomen took extreme steps to achieve medieval beauty standards.
However, women weren’t the only ones who kept an eye on new trends. Men — especially men of a certain class — also made sure that they flaunted the latest fashions. During the medieval period, the length of men’s shoes reflected their social status. Because of this, some men’s shoes grew so long that they had to be reinforced with materials like whalebone.
But while fashion crimes may have been sneered upon during the Middle Ages, that was nothing compared to the punishment for actual crimes. Then, even animals like pigs and roosters could be put on trial and executed for their actions. Still, the worst punishments were reserved for people.
The Darkest And Strangest Facts About The Middle Ages
During the medieval era, people suspected of committing a crime might be subjected to a variety of grisly torture methods. Among these, rat torture was one of the worst. This involved a torturer placing a rat in a half-cage on the victim’s abdomen, and then heating the cage from above. The rat, desperate to escape the heat, would claw its way through the victim’s stomach.
Those found guilty of a crime often faced an even more gruesome fate. Throughout South and Southeast Asia, especially in India, people were sometimes put to death by elephants. Even someone found guilty of a crime like tax evasion could get crushed to death by the massive animals.
Public DomainOne disturbing fact about the Middle Ages is that some people in South Asia were executed by elephants.
And even people who were known to be innocent could suffer a terrible end due to widespread disease and lack of modern medicine. An estimated 30 to 60 percent of Europeans lost their lives to the plague in the 14th century.
But of course, not everything that happened during the Middle Ages had to do with torture and death. There were also moments of levity, like the bizarre notes and raunchy drawings that medieval monks left in the margins of manuscripts while painstakingly copying out the texts by hand.
These additions, known as marginalia, ranged from rude illustrations to complaints from the scribes, according to The Guardian. In one instance, a monk complained about the cold. In another, a scribe drew a tree full of penises. These notes and drawings were often added to religious texts that the monks were copying, complicating historians’ views of medieval people.
Roman de la Rose/Bibliothèque Nationale de FranceMarginalia like this suggests that medieval people had a sense of humor, even while copying out manuscripts.
Indeed, the medieval era — like any age in human history — is impossible to define in one way. Over the course of several centuries, people ate strange meals like peacocks, viewed archery as one of life’s most important skills, and plucked out their own eyelashes just to be fashionable.
The 37 facts about the Middle Ages in the gallery above may seem outlandish today. But for medieval people, it was just normal life. Maybe in hundreds of years, future scholars will puzzle over our habits as well.
The Minneapolis Fed highlighted Native American communities last Beige Book. : The Indicator from Planet Money The most recent Beige Book featured a little of everything — economic anecdotes from around the country, some positive, some not so good. But one Fed branch's contribution stood about…
The Sámi people are indigenous to Sápmi, a cultural region of Europe and Russia that covers the northern parts of Norway, Finland, Sweden, and Russia. For centuries, the Sámi people relied on reindeer herding for food, warmth, and income.
Although the Sámi—along with many Indigenous cultures—have been suppressed over the years, they have found ways to preserve their history and livelihood. Reindeer herding is still common in some areas. Here are a few facts about Sámi reindeer herders you might not know.
Many Sámi people were once completely nomadic. Groups of several families would migrate with their reindeer herds to follow the animals’ natural patterns. The Sámi people are also skilled in fishing and hunting, which they would do to feed themselves as they moved around.
Today, nomadism within the Sámi community has all but disappeared. It has become more difficult for the Sámi to continue as nomads due to the lack of grazing land. By using new technology like GPS tracking and snowmobiles, the Sámi have found new ways to monitor and manage their herds. As a result, a few herders will travel with their reindeer alone during the summer and winter while their families and other community members live in permanent housing; the most recent surveys suggest about 40,000 Sámi live in Norway, 20,000 live in Sweden, 6000 live in Finland, and 2000 live in Russia.
While this may seem like an innocent question born out of curiosity, it’s considered impolite to ask a Sámi herder how many reindeer they own. Because herders make their living from their reindeer, this is essentially the same as asking someone how much money they have in their bank account.
It is fine, however, to ask someone about the herding patterns of their reindeer, how the animals are used, or any other questions you may have about their lifestyle. In fact, many Sámi families now make money via the tourism industry by offering tours of their homes, cooking classes, and the opportunity to interact with their reindeer.
A reindeer herder and his son, 1955. / John Firth/GettyImages
Sámi people use reindeer for transportation, food, and clothing. Like other cultures that rely on animals, the Sámi use every part of the reindeer after butchering it. Reindeer hides are dried and sewn into mittens and nutukas, which are short boots that are incredibly warm and provide excellent traction in the snow; reindeer leather is used to make the gákti, a traditional pullover top. The reindeer’s fur lines leggings and other pieces of clothing to keep the wearer warm even in the most frigid temperatures.
Reindeer meat is a staple in Sámi diets and is eaten throughout Scandinavia. You’ll often find this meat in stews and pies or turned into sausages or dried meats. Bidos is a tasty stew made with reindeer meat, carrots, onions, and potatoes that’s often served at weddings and other special occasions. The Sámi also use the bones, hooves, fat, and brains in their cooking.
As a result of Sámi activism, the Reindeer Husbandry Act was passed in 2007 in an effort to protect Sámi culture and customs. The act declared that only people who are Sámi and have a parent or grandparent who practices reindeer husbandry as their primary occupation are allowed to own and herd the ungulates.
Reindeer are organized by earmarks, which are small cuts in a deer’s ear that signal which person or family the animal belongs to. There are about 20 to 30 different earmarks that are approved by the committee responsible for determining if someone is able to own and herd reindeer in Norway. The 2007 act also specifies that reindeer husbandry in Norway must be “economically, ecologically, and culturally viable” [PDF].
Like many Indigenous people, the Sámi have had to fight to keep their traditions and culture alive. Since the 18th century, the governments of Norway, Finland, and Sweden have created limits on reindeer husbandry (the practice of herding reindeer in a limited area). This has included reducing the number of reindeer that one person is allowed to own, as well as banning licenses for those who don’t make enough profit from their herds.
The Sámi were also forced to assimilate after being colonized by Christian missionaries in the 17th century. Sámi languages were banned in many schools and children were sent to boarding schools to be separated from their culture, where some were used for dehumanizing scientific experiments. At one point, reindeer herders were considered an “inferior race” and were sent to schools to ostracize them from society. Shamanism, a religious practice used by Sámi people for centuries, was demonized to encourage the Indigenous people to convert to Christianity. Some churches have since apologized for their actions toward the Sámi people.
Reindeer herding looks different than it used to. / Timothy Fadek/GettyImages
Although Scandinavian governments continue to fight against the Sámi people, they’re pushing back to keep their culture from disappearing. Many Sámi women are seeking higher education to support their families while being able to pass on their heritage. Victories from activists in the mid-20th century allowed Sámi families to teach their children about their culture once again, including the practice of reindeer husbandry.
Sámi in Norway, Sweden, and Finland all have their own parliaments, as well as an international organization called the Saami Council, to help advocate for the rights of their people. These organizations are currently trying to prevent actions that could cause even more harm to their communities, like building wind turbines in Norway that would encroach on land used during reindeer migrations. They’re also fighting to get back the land that was stolen from them, which could help reindeer herders revitalize the industry.
The popular Disney animated movies Frozen (2013) and Frozen 2(2019) are set in Norway and took inspiration from the Sámi people for various parts of their stories. Although the original film’s writers traveled to Norway and spoke with locals for inspiration, there was some controversy about how the Sámi people were represented in the film—specifically regarding concerns over whitewashing and misrepresenting Norwegian reindeer herders.
To address this problem, Disney worked with the Saami Council and Saami Parliaments, Sámi film institutions, and legal advisors to ensure that Frozen 2 represented the Sámi people more accurately. The film’s Northuldra people are meant to represent Sámi reindeer herders, while other characters wear traditional clothing from Sámi culture.
While all Sámi languages are closely related, they are different enough that people from separate regions would not be able to communicate with each other. Three of the languages are actively used in northern Norway, while others are used across Finland, Sweden, and northern Russia. (Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, and Russian are not related to the Sámi languages.)
Languages are generally grouped by region and distance. A reindeer herder in Norway may be able to speak effortlessly with a neighbor across the border of Sweden, but be unable to communicate with someone in a different part of their same country. According to UNESCO, all Sámi languages are currently endangered; however, various councils are working to keep them around through linguistic programs, courses, and even apps.
If anything could further prove that Wordle is the most popular kid on the virtual playground, it’s Google’s 2022 Year in Search report. The word-guessing game, created by Josh Wardle, was the year’s biggest trending topic.
Wordle also topped the list of 2022’s trending searches in games—and five other entries on that list were web-based guessing games inspired by the Wordle craze. Its influence even extended to the list of trending definition searches, eight of which were Wordle solutions (including rupee and tacit).
The lists, based on Google Trends data, comprise “search terms that had the highest spike this year as compared to the previous year.” So they aren’t necessarily the most searched terms overall—but they probably capture the zeitgeist of the last 12 months in a way that more perennially popular searches might not. In other words, if you look back at these lists in a decade or two, you stand a pretty good chance of identifying the corresponding year as 2022.
Other trending searches that landed below Wordle in the top 10 include celebrities who passed away—Betty White, Queen Elizabeth II, Bob Saget, and Anne Heche—as well as a couple lottery-related terms and also Jeffrey Dahmer.
The movie winners were, in this order, Encanto, Thor: Love and Thunder, and Top Gun: Maverick; and other blockbuster favorites from the year like Everything Everywhere All at Once and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever made the list, too. On the TV side, Euphoria and Stranger Things took the top spots. Adam Levine came in first on the list of trending musicians and bands, though that probably had less to do with his music than he may have liked.
See some of the highlights below, and explore the full slate of data—including results from other countries—here.
In June 2018, modern-day WesternYellowstone debuted on the Paramount Network as the network’s first original scripted show. Co-created by Hell or High Water screenwriter Taylor Sheridan, Yellowstone follows the Dutton family, owners of the largest ranch in Montana: the Yellowstone Dutton Ranch. Kevin Costner plays family patriarch John Dutton III, who runs the business with his only daughter, Beth (Kelly Reilly), and his two sons, Kayce (Luke Grimes) and Jamie (Wes Bentley). CBS Sunday Morning described the show as “Bonanza meets The Godfather.”
The show wasn’t an immediate hit, but all that changed during the pandemic, when new viewers began tuning in in record numbers. During the 2021-2022 TV season, Yellowstone ranked as the No. 1 non-football show on TV—which is an impressive feat for any series, let alone one that airs on basic cable.
Yellowstone has proven so successful that in 2021 it launched a prequel series, 1883, starring Sam Elliott, Tim McGraw, and Faith Hill. 1923, a spin-off starring Helen Mirren and Harrison Ford, will premiere is December, with another series—the present-day-set 6666—coming in 2023.
Whether you’re a Yellowstone newcomer or already deeply entrenched in its fifth season, here are 15 wild facts about the series.
When Sheridan tried to sell his Western to Hollywood, he received pushback because nobody wanted to make a Western. “Anytime that Hollywood says a genre is dead, it’s because they made a bunch of bad movies about it,” Sheridan told CBS Sunday Morning.
But Chris McCarthy, Paramount Network President and CEO of MTV Entertainment, saw it in a different way. “People think of Westerns as good guys and bad guys, and this is really such a different show,” McCarthy said. “I’ve been in television nearly 20 years, and there’s very few times where my 18-year-old niece and my 80-year-old aunt ask me about that same show. And this was one of those moments.”
Part of the appeal of Yellowstone is the universality of its main theme: family. “It explores the very essence of family, and how the actions of one member can alter the course of generations,” Sheridan told Deadline.
Sheridan told Variety that writers like Cormac McCarthy, Larry McMurtry, and Toni Morrison wrote about themes he was interested in. “In terms of the movies that influenced me, it was watching Unforgiven when I was in my late teens or very early twenties,” he said. “The same with Dances With Wolves, where you’re looking at the Western genre through a whole new lens that had never been explored before.”
Costner—who of course produced, directed, and starred in Dances With Wolves—knows a thing or two about Westerns. “I saw that the dialogue had a fun, realistic approach to it,” he told Variety. “It was raw. It was dysfunctional. And it was set against the backdrop of mountains and rivers and valleys and people on horseback, which is very appealing.”
“It’s our Shakespeare, really, the Western,” Costner told Parade. “You know, ‘Yep’ doesn’t just mean ‘Yep.’ It might mean ‘That’s the last word I’m having with you, fella.’ Westerns are based on literature of how people lived their life, how they spoke with each other, the danger that was involved with living in an unknown area without the level of protection that we know today in this particular century. When you make a Western, if you don’t acknowledge those abilities, that native intelligence, and also the random acts of violence that occurred when you’re out here, then I think that’s why they miss the mark more often than they make it. I think Westerns, when they’re at their best, invest in the language as much as they do in the gunfight.”
Throughout the series, Beth has been the most ruthless yet most traumatized Dutton. She has endured sterilization, attempted rape, and a mail bomb attack. But Kelly Reilly, who plays Beth, disagrees with those who have compared her to Lady Macbeth.
“I talk about Beth as a powerful, dangerous woman and Lady Macbeth is that, but Lady Macbeth has a bitterness in her,” Reilly told Vulture. “I’m not sure Beth has that bitterness. She’s so alive. I don’t think it’s necessarily about vengeance, but more, ‘If you come up against me or anything that I care about and love, I will destroy you.’ It’s more active. It’s more American. It’s less sitting in her room, manipulating, thinking of ways she could f**k someone over. And Beth only does that to people she believes deserve it.”
Christina Alexandra Voros, a cinematographer who has shot more than two dozen episides of Yellowstone, told IndieWire that “the main character on the show is the land,” and that they pay close attention to the landscape and time of day while shooting. “That’s what everyone is fighting for and over and trying to protect, so it’s imperative to show that character in all her glory … Obviously everyone wants to shoot magic hour all the time, but sometimes there are landscapes that are more impressive in front light, or the effect is more emotional when the sun is two hours from setting and it hits the leaves in the trees in a certain way.”
Parade asked Costner about his new fanbase and Costner told a story about his late father: “My dad took a big interest in my career. He said, ‘You’re going to lose your audience, fellow. That is a naughty show.’ He said, ‘They’re going to drift away, son.’ He said, ‘You mark my words. That’s naughty.’ Then two years later, he’s going, ‘The nurses want to know how it ends. They just love it.’ He just forgot about that other prediction.”
All Lady Macbeth comparisons aside, Reilly thinks fans respond to the authenticity of Beth. “There’s something that I think people are responding to, where we’re supposed to be nice all the time, especially women. Right? I’m not talking about female empowerment, but there is that to it, where women are empowered by her,” Reilly told Esquire. “With women, you’re supposed to be the Virgin Mary, or you’re the whore. It’s like this gray area of in-between, which is where all women live—or human beings live—which is the truth. Somewhere in that, there is a primal thing that Beth kind of touches on, which I think is what makes her such a unique character.”
“Beth has nine lives. She’s a cockroach,” Reilly told Vulture of her character. “She should never have survived that bomb. She’s like a little superhero without the cape; she’s just never going to die until she’s probably an old lady, hopefully peacefully.”
In an interview with The Playlist, Costner explained the appeal of John (his character) and Rip—his ranch hand and son-in-law, played by Cole Hauser. “Rip is doing things a lot of guys wish they could do,” Costner said. “And John Dutton, in really critical moments, is saying things we wish we would have thought of on the spot. We’ve all wanted to be Clark Gable and say, ‘I don’t give a damn.’ And there are lines and situations on Yellowstone that resonate with people.”
In 2021, Sheridan was inducted into the Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame for his authentic representation of what it takes to live the Western way.
According to Hall of Fame website: “Sheridan is passionate about representing the Western way of life to the masses and shows the difficult changes agriculture and ranching has had to endure. According to Sheridan, he also wanted the show to not just be about cowboys, but be for cowboys also.”
The writer-director, who also plays horse trader Travis Wheatley, owns two ranches in Texas and bought the horses the actors ride. “All the horses, for the most part, in our business are terrible,” Sheridan told CBS Sunday Morning. “They’re not very broke. They’re not very safe, which is one of the reasons you don’t see actors on ‘em very often. And I didn’t want to do that. So, I bought all the horses for the show, and then taught the actors how to ride ‘em.”
“I just make movies to support my horse habit,” Sheridan joked.
“Whether people want to admit it or not, some people don’t realize that that way of life is still alive,” Costner told Variety. “This meat doesn’t get to our cities without somebody getting up early in the morning and late at night taking care of those animals in some way. It’s a way of life still. You know that the country still has some big open spaces. And [Yellowstone] takes that all in.”
Yellowstone takes place in Montana and mostly films there, too (some parts of the first few seasons were shot in Utah). The real-life Dutton ranch is Chief Joseph Ranch, which is often referred to as “a log mansion.” The property, which was built in 1917, is located in Darby, Montana, approximately 60 miles south of Missoula. For $1200 to $1500 per night, visitors can stay at Lee Dutton’s and Rip’s cabins, and take a tour of the working ranch and film sets.
For almost 20 years, David Knotek stood by as his sadistic wife Shelly Knotek abused their friends and family members — and he eventually assisted her with murder.
Gregg Olsen/Thomas & Mercer PublishingDavid Knotek, a construction worker and Navy veteran, was described by his stepdaughter as “a very weak man” with “no backbone” who was routinely abused by his wife, Shelly Knotek.
On Aug. 8, 2003, Shelly Knotek and her husband David were arrested at their home in Raymond, Washington, for a series of brutal murders spanning nearly a decade — after their own daughters had turned them in.
While in custody, David Knotek confessed to killing Shelly’s 17-year-old nephew, Shane Watson, and investigators quickly learned that while Shelly had a long history of abusive behavior and violence, David’s past was much less sinister.
Even when the couple were arrested, their daughters placed almost all of the blame on their mother, claiming David was more like her abused henchman. So how was this man driven to commit such heinous acts of violence?
The Relationship Of Shelly And David Knotek
David Knotek considered Shelly to be “the most beautiful girl” he’d ever seen when they met in April 1982. She was a young, double-divorcée with two daughters, Sami and Nikki. He was working in construction after years of service in the Navy.
Per The Sun, the couple married in 1987 and had a child together two years later. From the outside, the Knoteks seemed like a typical, happy family.
MurderpediaMichelle “Shelly” Knotek had a difficult upbringing, herself.
But quickly into their marriage, Shelly verbally and physically abused David, and he was unable to stand up to her. “The reason why my mom was able to control Dave was because – while I love him – he’s just a very weak man,” Sami recalled.
“He has no backbone. He could have got happily married and been an amazing husband to somebody, because he really would’ve been, but instead, he just got his life ruined, too.”
Abusing Family And Friends In Need
Tragically, David wasn’t the only family member to suffer abuse from Shelly. In fact, most of the abuse was directed towards Shelly’s daughters, but the worst of it was saved for guests the Knoteks invited to stay with them.
In 1988, shortly before the birth of David and Shelly’s daughter Tori, Shelly’s 13-year-old nephew Shane Watson came to live with them. Shane’s father was in and out or prison and his mother was struggling with substance abuse.
But almost immediately, Shane learned that he had entered a new kind of hell.
Shelly Knotek began torturing Shane the same way she had been torturing her own daughters — a form of punishment she called “wallowing.” Typically, this involved forcing the children to lay naked in the mud at night while she doused them with cold water. For the girls, wallowing sometimes included being locked in a dog cage or chicken coop.
She would force the girls to cut off tufts of their pubic hair to humiliate them and made Knotek’s younger daughter, Nikki, also a teenager, dance naked with Shane.
And after every violent, sadistic act, Shelly Knotek would flip the switch and shower her family with overwhelming love, all in order to keep them under control.
MurderpediaShane Watson planned to go to the police about the abuse inside the Knotek household — and was shot by David Knotek.
The same year Shane moved in with his aunt and uncle, the Knoteks opened their home to another outsider, a family friend named Kathy Loreno after she lost her job. Loreno, however, was not free of Shelly’s abuse either.
At first, Shelly love-bombed her longtime friend, but The New York Post reported that she didn’t wait long before degrading Loreno too, drugging her with tranquilizers, and starving her by withholding food.
“Kathy was a pleaser and never did anything to trigger such treatment,” said New York Times bestselling journalist Gregg Olsen, whose book, If You Tell, covers the case in great detail. “Shelly delighted in making other people hurt. It made her feel superior. She has never been formally diagnosed as a psychopath, but showed all the traits.”
The Knoteks’ First Murder
After six years of living with the Knoteks, Loreno lost 100 pounds and spent most of her time performing labor naked and sleeping next to the boiler in the basement.
David Knotek helped to torture Loreno, using makeshift waterboarding equipment or duct-taping her arms and legs together before pouring bleach onto her open sores.
MurderpediaShelly Knotek with her longtime friend and eventual victim, Kathy Loreno.
Loreno’s years of abuse, ultimately, came to an end in 1994 when she died, David Knotek claimed, from choking on her own vomit. He also said that he and Shelly never took Loreno to a hospital or reported the death because it would implicate them. Instead, the couple burned Loreno’s body in the backyard and scattered her ashes in the Pacific Ocean.
“All of us will be in jail if anyone finds out what happened to Kathy,” Shelly Knotek then warned her family.
“I don’t think she meant to kill Kathy,” Sami later said. “I think she meant to abuse Kathy, just like she abused us. She got off on it. She liked the power, she liked doing it, and it got worse and worse.”
But not long after that tragedy, in February of 1995, Shane approached Nikki with several Polaroid photographs he had taken of Kathy over the years, showing the tortured woman covered in bruises and sores. He also told her that he planned to go to the police with the photos.
Nikki, young and fearful, told her mother about Shane’s plan.
In response, Shelly convinced David Knotek to shoot the teenager in the backyard, and once again, they burned the body and scattered the ashes.
The Daughters Turn In Their Parents
By 1999, Sami and Nikki had grown into young women and left the home. David and Shelly Knotek’s youngest daughter, Tori, was only 14 and still living at home when a new guest arrived: Ron Woodworth, a gay 57-year-old veteran with a sharp wit and a substance abuse problem.
At the time, David Knotek was working on a contract project 160 miles away.
Like their other guests, Woodworth was at first treated with overwhelming kindness, but soon enough he was degraded by Shelly. Woodworth wasn’t allowed to use the restroom inside the home, and Shelly often forced him to drink his own urine. She once made him jump from the roof of their two-story home and onto a bed of gravel.
She “treated” his injuries with boiling water and bleach, a smell that Tori described as “like bleach and decomposing flesh, like it was burning his skin off… He smelled like that for a month. Up until the very end.”
Woodworth succumbed to his wounds in August 2003, after which Shelly stored his dead body in a freezer for four days until David returned to deal with it. A burn ban was in place at the time, leading David to bury Woodworth’s body in the backyard in the interim.
David Knotek served 13 years of his 15-year sentence for the murder of Shane Watson.
That same week, Sami, Nikki, and Tori reunited at Nikki’s home in Seattle — and agreed to turn their parents in.
Shelly was ultimately charged with two counts of first-degree murder in connection with the deaths of Kathy and Ron, while David Knotek was charged with one count of first-degree murder for Shane’s death.
They each accepted plea deals in exchange for shorter sentences, though Shelly took a rare Alford plea, which allowed her to plead guilty while simultaneously asserting innocence, thus avoiding a public trial that would have revealed the true extent of her crimes.
She was sentenced to 22 years in prison. David Knotek was sentenced to 15.
David Knotek also maintained contact with Sami and Tori, who have said they forgive him for his actions. Nikki, on the other hand, did not.
He was paroled in 2016 after serving 13 years for second-degree murder, unlawful disposal of human remains, and rendering criminal assistance.
Shelly, too, seemed as if she might have been released from prison early for good behavior. She was up for parole June 2022 but that request was denied. As of now, though, her sentence ends in 2025.
“I just wanted people to finally really know the truth,” Sami Knotek said. “When my mom comes out from prison, I don’t want her to be able to hide it. She’s the biggest manipulator of anyone I’ve ever met. I don’t think that she could ever outgrow that. I don’t think that she could ever change.”
Next, learn about another killer mom named Rosemary West, who abused numerous young women — including her own daughter. Then read up on the horrifying story of Louise Turpin, the mother who kept her 13 children captive for most of their lives.
A very interesting interview by David Lat (Original Jurisdiction) with Judges Lisa Branch and James Ho; here's Lat's summary: Last week, I made my way up to Yale University for an event sponsored by the William F. Buckley Jr. Program, "Is Free Speech Dead On Campus?" It featured Judges James Ho…
We know cats date back millennia and they even domesticated themselves. But we’re willing to be that most people assume the oldest known pet cat comes from Egypt. However, archaeological evidence suggests that the oldest known pet cats may come from the island of Cyprus.
Cyprus’ cats
In Egypt, cats were worshipped as idols as well as cherished as pets and pest control specialists. For centuries, we’ve assumed that Egyptians were the first to keep cats as pets. But a team of French archaeologists working in the island country of Cyprus has turned the feline companion timeline on its head.
What’s the evidence? Well, the best proof we have that cats were kept as pets rather than simply furry, mouse-hunting neighbors are cat burial sites. People bury their pets – they don’t bury wildlife.
The oldest pet grave we now have is a 9,500-year-old site on Cyprus in the Neolithic village of Shillourokambos. The presumably beloved kitty was buried with seashells, polished stones, and other decorative items.
According to National Geographic (cited below), this “predates early Egyptian art depicting cats by 4,000 years or more.”
The oldest known pet cat
The details of the grave suggest that the feline resting inside is the world’s oldest known pet cat. Of course, there could be gravesites elsewhere in the world that will rewrite the timeline again.
According to Melinder Zeder, a curator of Old World archaeology at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., and president of the International Council for Archaeozoology, “The process and timing of cat domestication has been terrifically difficult to document.”
“In the absence of a collar around its neck, the deliberate interment of this animal with a human makes a strong case that cats had a special place in the daily lives, and in the afterlives, of residents of Shillourokambos,” Zeder told NatGeo.
The rest of our earliest evidence for cat domestication comes from ancient Egypt, but the oldest cat mummies date back a “mere” 4000 years.
Researchers have long been confident that felines domesticated themselves much earlier, but the Cyprus site is the first solid proof. We already knew cats were present on the island (and therefore valued in some way since someone had to bring them there) because archaeologists found bones. But a grave site suggests something quite different and more significant in terms of what cats meant to people.
“The first discovery of cat bones on Cyprus showed that human beings brought cats from the mainland to the islands. But we couldn’t decide if these cats were wild or tame,” said a study author. “With this discovery, we can now decide that cats were linked with humans.”— WTF fun facts
Between 1988 and 2003, John Jamelske abducted women and girls as young as 14 and held them as prisoners in his secret bunker — where he raped them daily.
Twitter/Criminal JusticeA depraved kidnapper and rapist, John Jamelske became known as the “Syracuse Dungeon Master” after his arrest and imprisonment.
New York kidnapper and rapist John Jamelske earned many names after the world learned the truth about his crimes, from the “Syracuse Dungeon Master” to the “Ariel Castro of Syracuse.” Over a 15-year period, Jamelske kidnapped, imprisoned, and systematically raped five women ranging in age from 14 to 53 years.
Jamelske had a handmade underground dungeon in which he kept the women as sex slaves, abducting and releasing them one at a time, keeping some for years and some for a few months. However, Jamelske underestimated his fifth and final 16-year-old victim, and she was able to contact a family member — leading the police straight to Jamelske.
In John Jamelske’s warped mind, the eccentric serial rapist had done nothing wrong. He hadn’t kidnapped and raped these women, but had been in a relationship with them, treating them well.
How John Jamelske Became The ‘Syracuse Dungeon Master’
Twitter/They Will KillJamelske’s victims were kept, often for years at a time, in a cramped and horrifying space hiding below his nondescript suburban home.
John Thomas Jamelske was born in Fayetteville, New York, on May 9, 1935, and started off working in area grocery stores before becoming a handyman. In 1959 he married and had three sons with his wife, a schoolteacher. Jamelske had convinced his father to invest in stocks, and he and his wife received a sizable inheritance when he died.
By 2000, Jamelske had become a millionaire due to the inheritance and some choice Real Estate investments, but despite his wealth, lived the frugal lifestyle of a compulsive hoarder. Jamelske collected a mass of bottles and cans for recycling deposits, and other assorted junk over the years — but by 1988, he had started hoarding humans.
In 1988, as Jamelske’s wife became ill, he devised a depraved way of ensuring he would receive the sex his wife’s illness now prevented. Jamelske built a concrete dungeon three feet below ground outside his ranch house at 7070 Highbridge Road in DeWitt, an upscale neighborhood of Syracuse.
The bunker was eight feet high, 24 feet long, and 12 feet wide, connected to the east wall of the basement via a short tunnel according to Syracuse.com. Access to the eight-foot-tunnel was through a steel door behind a storage shelf. The tunnel, a dank, claustrophobic crawl space led to another locked door, with entry to the dungeon down a small, three-rung ladder. When Jamelske’s wife passed away in 1999, he had already imprisoned and released three sex slaves.
Jamelske made no attempt to provide even a modicum of comfort for his victims. They were forced to live in degrading conditions and subjected to daily rape. Their dungeon featured a foam mattress and a makeshift toilet — a seatless chair positioned above a bucket. Jamelske’s captives bathed with a garden hose in a stained bathtub atop a raised wooden deck. With a drain plug but no plumbing, the water pooled on the cement floor, creating damp and moldy conditions, until it eventually evaporated. Meanwhile, a clock radio and TV connected to an extension cord that ran through a small hole in the wall.
Jamelske’s Suburban Abductions
Jamelske drove the streets of Syracuse kidnapping teenage runaways and vulnerable women, holding them as single prisoners, one at a time. He lured them into his car offering a lift, choosing victims of different ethnicities. They included a 14-year-old girl taken in 1988 and kept in a small well behind his mother’s home, later “upgraded” to his new bunker — where she remained for two and a half years.
The “Syracuse Dungeon Master” also kidnapped a 14-year-old girl in 1995, a 53-year-old woman in 1997, a 26-year-old in 2001, and his last, a 16-year-old taken in 2002, according to ABC News.
Jamelske controlled his ankle-chained victims with threats and mind games to continue the rapes, convincing them that their families were in danger if they disobeyed him. Telling some of his victims he was part of a police sex-slave ring and had to take orders from his bosses, Jamelske even flashed a sheriff’s badge he found on the street years before.
Jamelske convinced some victims that the more pliant they were, the faster his “bosses” might let them out. One victim, a 53-year-old Vietnamese refugee, who spoke little English, was later seen on videotape convincing “the bosses” she should be released according to CNN.
The fourth victim, now identified as Jennifer Spaulding, wanted to write home to her parents in 2001 to let them know she was alive. Jamelske agreed, but only to say she was entering a drug rehabilitation clinic. When her family received and confirmed the letter from her, the police closed her missing person case.
The residents of Jamelske’s upscale neighborhood had no idea the eccentric cheapskate crank was a also deviant kidnapper and raise who ate Viagra like candy. As rape and Old Testament Bible readings from Jamelske became the norm, his victims knew if they did somehow manage to kill him without obtaining the padlock combination to their cell, they would be entombed down there forever.
When the time came to release them, Jamelske blindfolded his victims before releasing them, dropping one at an airport, one at her mother’s house, and another at a Greyhound station with $50 cash.
Police Bungled The Investigation Into Jamelske
YouTubeJamelske’s fourth victim Jennifer Spaulding.
As victims reported their ordeal to the police, their social status as runaways and substance abusers hampered the investigation. The rape kit test for Spaulding showed no evidence of sexual assault, as Jamelske ensured that he had no sexual contact with a victim for several days prior to their release.
After she told police that her rapist drove a tan 1974 Mercury Comet, investigators found one registered vehicle in the New York area. However, Spaulding’s description of the vehicle didn’t match, so officers closed her case. Unfortunately, they hadn’t searched for other years’ models — Jamelske drove a tan 1975 Mercury Comet.
Further complicating things, Jamelske’s victims couldn’t describe where they were held, or who their abductor and rapist was, other than an old white man.
However, in October 2002, Jamelske’s final victim, a 16-year-old runaway from Syracuse, would be his undoing.
The End Of John Jamelske’s Reign Of Terror
Over six months of captivity, the 16-year-old girl convinced Jamelske that she was his friend, and he felt confident enough to take her out to karaoke bars, and for his weekly visit to his recycling center.
On April 7, 2003, at the recycling depot, Jamelske’s captive asked if she could call a church, and he handed her the opened Yellow Pages. When she hurriedly called her sister explaining what was happening, her sister located the business in Manlius, Syracuse, from caller ID, and the police arrested Jamelske with his victim at a nearby car dealership.
Investigators searching Jamelske’s house of horrors and hoarded junk, including over 13,000 bottles, were especially shocked by the depravity of his dungeon. A series of calendars were found, where victims had to systematically mark each date with the code letter “B”, “S”, or “T.” The codes denoted each date a victim was either raped (S), bathed (B), or brushed their teeth (T) and the collective calendars covered a 15-year timespan.
Several videos featured at least one woman on tape, his 53-year-old Vietnamese victim. Graffiti slogans covered some walls, and one victim confirmed a slogan to investigators by phone.
The arrogant Jamelske, 68, thought he’d get a slap on the wrist and community service, but ultimately pleaded guilty to five counts of first-degree kidnapping, and in July 2003, was sentenced to 18 years to life, as reported The New York Times.
The victims were spared from reliving their horror in court, and most of their names have not been made public, with Jamelske’s wealth liquidated and split between them as compensation. John Jamelske himself was denied parole in December 2020.
BOCA GRANDE, Fla. — A marlin mount was stolen from a business at Eagle Grille on Harbor Drive in Boca Grande.
According to SWFL Crime Stoppers, the marlin was taken down before Hurricane Ian and placed on the dock.
MARLIN STOLEN The Marlin was taken down from the business at Eagle Grille located on Harbor Drive in Boca Grande before the Hurricane and placed on the dock. It was last seen on October 28th and noticed missing on October 31st. If you have any information, call 1-800-780-TIPS. pic.twitter.com/g4ukZqUkZr
Since being discovered in 1957, the “Boy In The Box” case baffled Philadelphia police. But thanks to genetic testing, the four-year-old victim has been revealed to be Joseph Augustus Zarelli.
In the Ivy Hill Cemetery in Cedarbrook, Philadelphia, there is a headstone that reads “America’s Unknown Child.” It’s a permanent reminder of the child who lies beneath it, a boy who was found beaten to death in a box some 65 years ago. Since then, he’s been called the “Boy in the Box.”
One of Philadelphia’s most famous unsolved murders, the identity of the “Boy in the Box” baffled investigators for years. Since his discovery in 1957, detectives in the city have pursued thousands of leads — some better than others — and come up empty.
Wikimedia CommonsThe boy in the box, depicted on a flyer sent out to residents of surrounding towns.
But thanks to genetic genealogy and some old-fashioned detective work, the Boy in the Box finally has a name. In 2022, he was finally identified as four-year-old Joseph Augustus Zarelli.
The Discovery Of The Boy In The Box
On February 23, 1957, a student at La Salle College noticed the Boy in the Box for the first time. As the Philly Voice reports, the student was in the area hoping to catch a glimpse of the girls enrolled at Sisters of Good Shepard, a home for wayward youths. Instead, he noticed a box in the underbrush.
Though he saw the boy’s head, the student mistook it for a doll and went on his way. When he heard about a missing girl from New Jersey, he returned to the scene on Feb. 25, found the body, and called the police.
As the Associated Press reports, police responding to the scene found the body of a boy, between the ages of four and six years old, in a JCPenney box that had once contained a bassinet. He was naked and wrapped in a flannel blanket, and investigators determined that he was malnourished and had been beaten to death.
“It’s something you don’t forget,” Elmer Palmer, the first officer to arrive on the scene, told the Philadelphia Inquirer in 2007. “This one was the one that bothered everybody.”
Then, the race to identify the Boy in the Box began.
Who Was The Boy In The Box?
Wikimedia CommonsThe box where the boy was found in 1957.
For the next six decades, detectives pursued thousands of leads in order to identify the Boy in the Box. And they started with the boy himself. An investigation of his body revealed that his sandy hair had been recently and crudely cut — WFTV 9 reports that clumps of hair were still on his body — leading some to believe that his killer had tried to disguise his identity.
Investigators also found scars on his ankle, foot, and groin that appeared to be surgical, and his feet and right hand were “pruny,” suggesting he’d been in water, according to WFTV 9.
But despite these clues, a facial reconstruction, and hundreds of thousands of fliers that were distributed across Pennsylvania, the boy’s identity remained unknown. The Associated Press reports that detectives chased numerous leads, including that he was a Hungarian refugee, a kidnap victim from 1955, and even related to local carnival workers.
Over the years, some leads seemed better than others.
Theories About The Boy In The Box
Of all the leads that investigators pursued while trying to identify the Boy in the Box, two seemed especially promising. The first came in 1960 when an employee of the medical examiner’s officer named Remington Bristow spoke to a psychic. Newsweek reports that the psychic led Bristow to a local foster home.
While attending an estate sale at the foster home, Bristow noticed a bassinet that looked like one sold at JCPenney, and blankets that resembled the ones wrapped around the dead boy, according to the Philly Voice. He theorized that the boy had been the child of the owner’s stepdaughter, an unwed mother.
Though police pursued the lead, they eventually believed that it was a dead end.
Wikimedia CommonsA facial reconstruction of the boy in the box.
Forty years later, in 2002, a woman identified as “M” told investigators that the boy had been purchased by her abusive mother from another family in 1954, according to the Philly Voice. “M” claimed that his name was “Jonathan” and that he’d been physically and sexually abused by her mother. After he vomited up baked beans one night, “M” claimed that her mother had beaten him to death in a fit of rage.
Newsweek reports that the story “M” told seemed credible, as baked beans has been found in the boy’s stomach. What’s more, “M” had said that her mother had tried to bathe the boy after beating him, which could have explained his “pruny” fingers. But ultimately, the police were unable to substantiate her claim.
Thus, the decades passed and the Boy in the Box remained unidentified. But all that changed in December 2022, when investigators in Philadelphia announced that they could finally give him a name.
Joseph Augustus Zarelli, The Boy In The Box
Danielle M. Outlaw/TwitterJoseph Augustus Zarelli had just turned four when his body was discarded in the woods.
On December 8, 2022, Philadelphia Police Department Commissioner Danielle Outlaw announced a breakthrough in the case. The boy found dead in 1957, she said, was Joseph Augustus Zarelli.
“This child’s story was always remembered by the community,” she said. “His story was never forgotten.”
As Outlaw and others explained during a police press conference, Zarelli was identified thanks to genetic genealogy. His DNA was uploaded to genetic databases, which led detectives to relatives on his mother’s side. After pouring through birth records they were also able to identify his father. They also learned that Zarelli’s mother had three other children.
The investigators found that Joseph Augustus Zarelli was born on Jan. 13, 1953, which meant that he was four years old when his body was found. Aside from that, however, the detectives were tight-lipped.
They explained that numerous questions still remain about Zarelli’s life and death. For now, the police are not releasing the names of Zarelli’s parents out of respect for his living siblings. They also refused to speculate on who killed Zarelli, though they noted “we have our suspicions.”
“This is still an active homicide investigation, and we still need the public’s help in filling in this child’s story,” Outlaw said. “This announcement only closes one chapter in this little boy’s story, while opening up a new one.”
After learning about the mysterious boy in the box case, read the tragic story of Joyce Vincent, who died in her apartment and went unnoticed for years. Then, read about Elisabeth Fritzl, who was held captive by her father for over 20 years.
Whether he’s coming to town, double-checking his list, or kissing your mom, that rotund, rosy-cheeked gift bearer is probably Santa Claus to you. But around the world, he goes by many different names. Here are 20 happy handles for that mythical sled flier and other Santa-like figures.
Kris Kringle is primarily a U.S. name for Santa, according to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). In 1919, American journalist H. L. Mencken described it as an “example of debased German” and identified the term as coming from Christkindlein—a word that actually refers to “the baby in the manger,” noting that Kris Kringle is “quite unknown in Germany.”
Christkindlein or Christkind refers to another holiday gift-giver in some German-speaking countries. According to Dictionary.com, Christkind originated in the 1500s as a Protestant option to the Catholic Saint Nicholas. Nowadays, this angelic figure is depicted as “a crowned woman in white and gold who drops gifts under the tree on Christmas Eve.” Yet another Santa Claus figure in Germany is Weihnachtsmann, which literally translates as “Christmas Man.”
St. Nicholas. / Fototeca Storica Nazionale./GettyImages
While St. Nicholas may seem synonymous with Santa Claus, the original Catholic saint was a far cry from the jolly, bowl-full-of-jelly fellow we know today. Born in Greece in the late 3rd century, he became a bishop in what is now Turkey with “a reputation as a fiery, wiry, and defiant defender of church doctrine,” according toNational Geographic. Thanks to his generosity and interests while he was alive, he became the patron saint of children, prisoners, and sailors after his death. By the 1200s, the St. Nicholas Center explains, St. Nicholas’s image had evolved in some parts of the world “from a rather severe figure to the compassionate children’s friend, giving gifts on St. Nicholas Day,” or December 6. It wasn’t long before those views permeated wider culture.
Sinterklaas waves as he visits the Dutch. / MICHAEL URBAN/GettyImages
Dutch settlers likely brought the idea of a snowy gift giver to New York (then known as New Amsterdam) during colonial times. Sinterklaas is an abbreviated version of the Dutch name for St. Nicholas (Sint Nikolaas), and according to the OED, “The Dutch custom of giving gifts to children on [St. Nicholas’s Day] gave rise to the cult of Santa Claus.”
So how did St. Nick go from fiery and wiry to plump and playful? This was thanks to several 19th-century individuals who worked to transform the rowdy, boozy holiday that Christmas was back then to the family-oriented one we know now. This group included writers like Washington Irving and Clement Clarke Moore (“A Visit from St. Nicholas,” otherwise known as “‘Twas The Night Before Christmas”) and political cartoonist Thomas Nast, who first created Santa’s jolly image.
Chiefly used in British English, according to the OED, the term Father Christmas began as a personification of the holiday, with its earliest citation from 1646: “Honest Crier, I know thou knewest old Father Christmas.” Now Father Christmas is used interchangeably with Santa Claus.
Several countries also go the Father Christmas route. In France and Spain, Santa Claus is Père and Papa Noël, respectively. Tots in France may also call Santa Papa Noël, which translates as “Daddy Christmas” (then there’s Zaddy Christmas, but that’s another story). It’s Papai Noel in Portuguese, Noel Baba in Turkish, and Babbo Natale in Italian.
Before Babbo Natale in Italy, there was a much older granter of goodies. La Befana, who has been around since the 700s, is a grandmother type believed to fly about on a broom, “giving treats to good children and coal to the bad,” according to Dictionary.com. She gets the job done on Epiphany on January 6, rather than December 25.
Brought over in the 1700s by German settlers, Belsnickel is a Santa-Claus-like figure in parts of Pennsylvania. Someone dressed as Belsnickel may go about on Christmas or New Year “to play pranks or beg for small gifts or refreshments,” according to the OED. In German folklore, he “visits children before Christmas to reward good ones with gifts and punish naughty ones.”
As for where the name comes from, it’s believed to be a borrowing from both Pennsylvania German and German. One theory says it comes from pelz, “fur,” and Nickel, a pet form of Nicholas. Another says the first syllable comes from pelzen, meaning to beat or wallop.
In Scandinavian countries like Sweden, the julbock or Yule Goat was thought of as a kind of spirit of Christmas that would appear “to make sure that the holiday preparations were done correctly,” according to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Eventually the goat “took on the role of a gift giver and is sometimes seen in place of or alongside Santa, who is called Jultomten.”
Jultomtenbegan as something similar to gnomes or brownies, who were believed to protect children and animals and help with household chores; eventually, however, the figure evolved into a white-bearded man wearing a white cap. As Phyllis Siefker notes inSanta Claus, Last of the Wild Men, the figure is seen by some experts to be “a blending of the old land sprite with the now popular Father Christmas and Santa Claus figures.”
But there are key differences: While Jultomten has a sleigh, it doesn’t fly—it’s instead pulled by the Julbock. Jultomten also eschews the chimney and delivers presents via the front door instead. And rather than cookies and milk, a kind of buttery porridge called julegrøt is left out to thank him.
Ded Moroz dances in Moscow. / Oleg Nikishin/GettyImages
Russia’s winter gift giver, Ded Moroz (“Father Ice” or “Grandfather Frost”), is like the Saruman of Santas. According toTIME, he’s “slender with a wizard-like flowing beard” and “wears a long robe that comes in different colors, such as blue and white.” Instead of elves, he’s assisted by his granddaughter—known as Snegurochka or “Snow Maiden”—and has three horses instead of eight reindeer to power his sleigh.
In South Korea, Santa Claus is known as Santa Haraboji or Grandpa Santa. Instead of red he wears blue or green robes, and sometimes dons a tall traditional Korean hat called a gat.
While the Western Santa Claus may be referred to as Santa-san in Japan, the country also has its own portly present pusher. Hotei or Hoteiosho is a divine Buddhist figure who’s sometimes referred to as the Laughing Buddha. However, he’s not an incarnation of Buddha at all but may be based on a real 10th-century Chinese monk named Budai.
He’s often depicted holding a sack (his name in kanji, one of Japan’s writing systems, means “cloth sack”) with a trail of happy children following him. According to Japan Today, what exactly is in Hotei’s sack varies by legend: It could be “anything from modest clothing to a rice plant to the entire collected woes of the world.” But regardless, it’s believed Hotei “brought fortune and joy to everyone he encountered thanks to his magic bag.” It’s also thought he had eyes in the back of his head, the better to see if you’ve been naughty or nice.