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Tag: Ruhr-Universität Bochum

  • How does social media materialism induce stress and unhappiness?

    How does social media materialism induce stress and unhappiness?

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    Six questionnaires answered by over 1,200 people

    Newswise — The researchers headed by Dr. Phillip Ozimek from the Faculty of Psychology at Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, recruited 1,230 people for their online survey. In order to participate, respondents had to use at least one social media channel at least once a week. On average, the participants stated that they spent just over two hours a day on social media.

    The research team used six different questionnaires to determine the extent to which the participants had a materialistic attitude and tended to compare themselves with others, whether they used social media more actively or passively, whether they were addicted to social media, how stressed and how satisfied they were with their lives. 

    Downward spiral set in motion

    “The data showed that a stronger materialistic approach goes hand in hand with a tendency to compare oneself with others,” points out Phillip Ozimek. This comparison is very easy to make on social media, primarily through passive use, i.e. by looking at the content posted by other users. Materialism and passive use were also linked to addictive use of social media. “By this we mean, for example, that users are constantly thinking about the respective channels and fear that they are missing out on something if they are not online,” explains Phillip Ozimek. This in turn leads to symptoms of poorer mental health, i.e. stress. The final link in the chain is reduced life satisfaction. “Social media is one of six stepping stones to unhappiness,” concludes Phillip Ozimek.

    Social media attracts and breeds materialists

    “Overall, the study provides further evidence that the use of social media is associated with risks, especially for people with a highly materialistic mindset,” says the psychologist. This is particularly worrying, because social media can trigger and increase materialistic values, for example through (influencer) marketing. At the same time, the platforms attract materialists anyway, as they are a perfect way to satisfy many materialistic needs.

    “It’s definitely a good idea to be aware of the amount of time you spend on social media and to reduce it,” recommends Phillip Ozimek. He advises against giving up Social Media completely. “If you did, you’re likely to overcompensate.” The research team also suggests recording materialism and social media use in patients undergoing treatment for mental health disorders. “While these factors are often irrelevant, they can be a starting point for additional interventions that patients can try out at home.”

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  • Enhancing urban planning through virtual reality

    Enhancing urban planning through virtual reality

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    Newswise — Lab kit for urban scenarios

    Construction measures that transform urban settings change the environment of both the people who live there permanently and those who visit them temporarily. It’s not always possible to foresee the effects in advance. In such cases, it helps to recreate the setting in a 3D model which people can experience through immersion. To this end, the cartographers working with Marco Weißmann use software that was originally designed to programme computer game environments. “We’ve developed a lab kit of sorts in which you can simulate an environment virtually, complete with traffic,” explains Weißmann. The researchers can use it to directly visualise the effects of planned structural changes: how does the traffic flow? Do cars and pedestrians get in each other’s way or not?

    Measuring the implicit effects of spaces

    Moreover, the space that surrounds us affects our well-being. We do notice it sometimes, but not always. “People who’ve lived on a noisy street for a long time, for example, might think they don’t even hear the noise anymore,” says Julian Keil. “But we know that, objectively speaking, residents in such streets experience significantly higher stress levels than others.” In order to determine such implicit effects of urban planning measures before a lot of money has been poured into them, the cartography team developed a method to measure them in advance. For this purpose, they programmed an urban environment in virtual reality and had test participants experience the scenarios. At the same time, they measured the skin conductivity of the test persons, which provides information about their stress level.

    They showed that a higher traffic volume in a street clearly upset the test persons, as measured by their skin conductivity. To corroborate their findings, a study is planned to incorporate more physical measurements that will provide information about the participants’ stress levels and various emotions, including heart rate, blood pressure and pupil size. “Until now, residents and other stakeholders have been involved in the planning stage of construction measures, but only in the form of surveys, i.e. explicit statements,” says Keil, whose background is in psychology. “Our method enables spatial planners to assess implicit effects of possible measures and to include them in the planning, too.”

    Climate-friendly experiments

    The experiments for both studies were conducted in a climate-friendly way using electricity from a mobile solar system on the roof of the institute building.

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  • Evolutionary Origin of Cognitive Flexibility Traced

    Evolutionary Origin of Cognitive Flexibility Traced

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    Newswise — Key factor in many neuropsychiatric diseases

    Cognitive flexibility is essential for the survival of all species on Earth. It is particularly based on functions of the so-called orbitofrontal cortex located in the frontal brain. “The loss of cognitive flexibility in everyday life is a key factor in many neuropsychiatric diseases,” Professor Burkhard Pleger and first author Dr. Bin Wang from the Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil describe their motivation for the study. “Understanding the underlying network mechanisms is therefore essential for the development of new therapeutic methods.”

    Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the Bochum team and their cooperation partner Dr. Abhishek Banerjee from the Biosciences Institute at Newcastle University examined the brain functions of 40 participants while they were learning a sensorimotor task.

    While lying in the MRI, the volunteers had to learn to recognise the meaning of different touch signals – similar to those used in Braille – on the tip of the right index finger. One touch signal told the participants to press a button with their free hand, while another signal instructed them not to do so and to remain still. The connection between the two different touch signals and pressing the button or not pressing the button had to be learned from trial to trial. The challenge: after a certain time, the touch signals changed their meaning. What had previously meant “pressing the button” now meant “holding still” – an ideal experimental set-up to investigate the volunteers’ cognitive flexibility. The fMRI provided images of the corresponding brain activity.

    Similarities between humans and mice

    “Similar studies had already been done with mice in the past,” says Pleger. “The learning task we chose now allowed us to observe the brains of mice and humans under comparable cognitive demands.”

    A surprising finding is the comparability between the Bochum results in humans and the previously published data from mice, Wang points out. The similarity shows that cognitive functions that are important for survival, such as the flexibility to adapt quickly to suddenly changing conditions, are following comparable rules in different species.

    In addition, the Bochum scientists were able to determine a close involvement of sensory brain regions in the processing of the decisions made during tactile learning. Wang emphasises: “Besides the frontal brain, sensory regions are essential for decision-making in the brain.” “Similar mechanisms had also previously been observed in mice,” adds Pleger. “This now suggests that the interplay between the frontal brain and sensory brain regions for decision-making was formed early in the evolutionary development of the brain.”

    Funding

    The publication was funded by the Collaborative Research Centre 874 (SFB 874) and the project PL602/6-1 of the German Research Foundation. The SFB 874 “Integration and Representation of Sensory Processes” existed from 2010 to 2022 at Ruhr University Bochum.

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  • Pigeons’ dreamscapes

    Pigeons’ dreamscapes

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    Dreams have been considered a hallmark of human sleep for a long time. Latest findings, however, suggest that when pigeons sleep, they might experience visions of flight. Researchers at Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, and at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence studied brain activation patterns in sleeping pigeons, using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

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  • Mission reflection boosts teachers’ growth mindset

    Mission reflection boosts teachers’ growth mindset

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    All children can thrive

    The impact of teachers on students’ enjoyment of school and academic performance is significant. Teachers who hold a growth mindset, believing that all children have the potential to thrive and learn, can positively influence their students. Anke Heyder emphasizes the importance of teachers’ conviction in fostering students’ growth and learning. In contrast, a fixed mindset, which assumes that talent or innate ability is necessary for success and predicts failure without it, can hinder motivation, particularly among students who struggle academically. The belief in the growth mindset promotes a positive learning environment and encourages students to overcome challenges and reach their full potential.

    While numerous studies have highlighted the importance of teachers’ beliefs and the growth mindset in student success, there hasn’t been a concise intervention specifically aimed at reinforcing the growth mindset among teachers. Anke Heyder acknowledges this gap and introduces a novel intervention that is both brief and subtle. The intervention centers around teachers engaging in a short reflection on their personal mission as educators. They are encouraged to contemplate why they chose to be a teacher and how they aspire to make a positive impact on their students’ lives through their teaching. This reflective exercise aims to cultivate a growth mindset and enhance teachers’ dedication to fostering learning and growth in their students.

    Survey on teacher beliefs

    In the study conducted by the researchers, they recruited 576 student teachers as participants. The participants were divided into different groups for the purpose of the study. In the intervention group, the student teachers were asked to engage in a brief reflection exercise where they wrote down their personal mission as educators. Afterward, they completed a survey regarding their beliefs. On the other hand, the control groups were given a different question to reflect upon, and then they also completed the questionnaire. By comparing the results between the intervention group and the control groups, the researchers aimed to assess the impact of the mission reflection intervention on the beliefs of the student teachers.

    The study found that the participants who engaged in the mission reflection intervention demonstrated significantly stronger beliefs aligned with a growth mindset compared to the control group. This result remained consistent regardless of the subject the student teachers were studying. A follow-up survey conducted one week later confirmed the durability of the effect, indicating that the intervention’s impact lasted for at least a short period of time. Further research will be needed to determine if the effect is long-lasting. Anke Heyder advises teachers, university lecturers, and business leaders to periodically reflect on their own mission, as it not only benefits those under their responsibility but also enhances their own motivation and job satisfaction, as supported by evidence.

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  • Alarm theory: an explanation of consciousness

    Alarm theory: an explanation of consciousness

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    Newswise — Humans possess consciousness. But is it merely a by-product of evolution or does it fulfil a fundamental function? Professor Albert Newen from Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, and Professor Carlos Montemayor from San Francisco State University, USA, have developed a new theory on this question. In the Journal of Consciousness Studies of 1. January 2023, they distinguish two levels of consciousness, both of which also have two different functions.

    The first stage of consciousness is basic arousal the second is general alertness. “These two stages are linked to two basic functions that build on each other,” says Albert Newen from the Bochum Institute for Philosophy II, explaining why he doesn’t consider consciousness to be an accidental by-product of evolution. According to the alarm theory, basic arousal first emerged in the course of evolution in order to put the body into a state of alarm so that the organism’s life could be preserved. This happens, for example, when core functions of life such as breathing, food supply or temperature regulation suddenly become unbalanced and survival is at stake.

     

    Basic arousal puts organisms into a state of alarm

    “When we go out into the hot summer sun, we automatically start to sweat. Initially, such slow automatic adaptations usually suffice to keep the body temperature stable. They happen unconsciously,” illustrates Carlos Montemayor. “But if we suddenly enter a very hot environment, these slow adaptations are no longer sufficient. The organism is in danger of being damaged, for example because the skin gets burnt. Typically, the body reacts with a pain signal that puts us in a state of alarm, so we do something about it immediately.” When sudden pain occurs, reflexes are set in motion, including an avoidance and escape reflex. Basic arousal thus has the basic function of putting a biological organism into a state of alarm so that it stops all slow adaptation mechanisms such as sweating and initiates a rapid avoidance and flight response that preserves life. Basic arousal by pain continues and guarantees that people care about their body beyond the first reflex reaction.

     

    General alertness enables new behaviours

    According to Newen and Montemayor, humans and many animals have also developed a general alterness based on this mechanism. It enables many forms of learning that go hand in hand with focused attention. If the body is put into a state of alarm, organisms can use general alertness not only to activate some reflexes, but also to initiate new actions. “For example, it helps us learn that a threat of fire can be eliminated not only by fleeing, but sometimes also by using a fire extinguisher,” outlines Newen.

    Newen and Montemayor see evidence for this theory primarily in two animal studies by groups performing experimental studies. In one study from 2020, guided by Yuri Saalmann at the University of Winsconsin, macaques were anaesthetised, just like humans undergoing surgery. In this state of unconsciousness, the researchers selectively activated a specific area in the brain, the central lateral thalamus. As soon as this stimulation took place, the macaques woke up. When the stimulation was stopped, they fell back into unconsciousness. “The stimulation acted like a switch to activate consciousness,” explains Carlos Montemayor. But it triggered only a basic arousal, because the macaques could feel pain, see things and react to them, but they weren’t able – as with normal wakefulness – to participate in learning tasks.

     

    Crucial role of the thalamus

    A second experiment, guided by Michael Halassa at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, additionally proves that mice possess general everyday wakefulness. The animals learned to respond to a sound in a different way than to a light signal. They were also able to interpret a third signal that told them whether to focus on the sound or the light signal. “Seeing as the mice were able to learn this quickly, it is evident that they’ve mastered learning with focused conscious attention and thus possess general alertness,” concludes Albert Newen. Other areas of the thalamus were significantly involved, namely the activation of a core area, the nucleus reticularis. The alarm theory of consciousness has filled in a gap of major rival theories of consciousness – the so-called global workspace theory of the brain and the information integration theory – which attribute only an insignificant role to the thalamus.

    In addition to basic arousal and general alertness, humans also possess reflexive self-consciousness, namely the capacity to reflect on themselves, their past and their future. “The extent to which some animals have basic forms of reflexive self-consciousness is still an open question,” says Newen. “This form of consciousness will be discussed in future work.”

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  • How preservice teachers argue about controversial issues

    How preservice teachers argue about controversial issues

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    Newswise — Mandatory vaccination, climate change, energy transition: topics at the interface between science and society are often controversial. Science teachers should teach their students to engage with such topics in a differentiated way so that they can make informed decisions and take responsibility. But how well can the future teachers do this themselves? Dr. Nina Minkley from the Behavioural Biology and Biology Education group at Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, together with Professor Moritz Krell and Dr. Carola Garrecht from the Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education in Kiel, investigated this question with 76 prospective biology teachers. The team’s conclusion: the structural complexity of their argumentation was good. In terms of content complexity, however, they could include a broader range of content areas and perspectives in their argumentation. The researchers report in the International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education of 15. March 2023.

    Should there be a mandatory vaccination against COVID-19?

    The topic of the argumentation that the 76 participants wrote down as part of the study was a possible mandatory vaccination against COVID-19. The study took place in spring 2021, at a time when there was still a shortage of vaccine, but mandatory vaccination was already being discussed.

    On the question of whether there should be a mandatory vaccination against COVID-19, the participants positioned themselves in different ways. “In terms of the structural complexity of their argumentation, they reached a relatively high level and justify their position with several arguments. Around a third even included possible counter-positions in their own argumentation,” reports Nina Minkley.

    Content complexity is only reflected to a limited extent

    However, it was also noticeable that the participants were less confident regarding the content complexity, that is, the consideration of different content areas such as politics, ethics, and social sciences. Here, the participants only considered two of the possible six content areas on average.

    “We also found that those who supported mandatory vaccination most often referred to scientific and ethical arguments, such as protecting others. They rarely used political arguments. Those who argued against mandatory vaccination were slightly less likely to argue with scientific and ethical reasons, but referred much more to political arguments,” says Nina Minkley.

    The researchers recommend that the ability to argue about issues at the interface between science and society should be better embedded in the training of future teachers. “There are many perspectives on such issues, and ideally teachers should be exposed to the full breadth in order to be able to teach this skill to their students, too,” the team says.

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  • How protein-rich droplets form

    How protein-rich droplets form

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    Newswise — The study is part of the “THz calorimetry“ project, which received a European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant. “The visionary idea in the project was to combine two powerful techniques in Physical Chemistry – laser spectroscopy and calorimetry,“ explains the grantee, Martina Havenith.

    Calorimetry measures quantities fundamental to chemical and biochemical reactions, such as heat capacity, enthalpy, and entropy. Based on well-known substance-specific parameters, it is possible to predict whether, for example, a reaction will occur spontaneously without any external input of energy or whether equilibrium conditions dominate. Calorimetric measurements take place in a macroscopic container. The amount of heat required for a temperature change or a chemical or biochemical reaction is measured. “The limitation of this method is its limited time resolution and the amount of sample required,“ says Martina Havenith.

    The goal of the ERC project was to overcome these limitations. This required a new approach to measure calorimetric quantities for the smallest samples with a time resolution of picoseconds, or one-millionth of one-millionth of a second at the molecular level. “However, we can not, in principle, achieve time and spatial resolution on this scale reach with these traditional concepts of heat measurements,“ the researcher explains. “This required a different revolutionary approach that intrinsically offers a different access.“

    Water plays a crucial role

    The research group showed that spectroscopic fingerprints of water could be measured by their absorption in the THz range, which is linearly correlated with calorimetric quantities. This allows the researchers to track these fundamental calorimetric quantities in real time using spectroscopic and ultrafast laser spectroscopic methods, even for complex systems during a process or reaction.

    In their current work, inspired by their collaboration with the research groups of Professor Konstanze Winklhofer and Professor Jörg Tatzelt at Ruhr University Bochum, they used this method for the first time to study a hot topic in Biomedical research: They investigated liquid-liquid phase separation, the spontaneous phase separation into a protein-rich and a protein-poor liquid phase.

    “Using THz calorimetry, we can map the formation of these protein-rich droplets on a molecular level. Not only the proteins themselves but the water also plays a crucial role,“ Martina Havenith reports. “We can now follow on-line any changes in the water during the formation process with the THz camera. Based on the derived calorimetric quantities, we can give accurate predictions about the formation of phase separated droplets and the dependency on external parameters such as temperature.“

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  • The body’s own cannabinoids widen the bronchial tubes

    The body’s own cannabinoids widen the bronchial tubes

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    Newswise — Bronchial constriction is what makes many lung diseases like asthma so dangerous. Researchers have discovered a new signalling pathway that causes the airways to widen.

    Inhalation therapy for asthma and other obstructive lung diseases often loses its effect following prolonged use. A research team led by Professor Daniela Wenzel from the Department of Systems Physiology at Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, has now shown an alternative signalling pathway through which the body’s own cannabinoids cause the bronchial tubes to dilate. This gives rise to hope for alternative treatment options. Asthma is evidently also associated with a deficiency of these cannabinoids in the bronchial tubes, which could be one of the causes of the disease. The research team published its findings in the journal Nature Communications 17. November 2022.

    Bronchial tubes dilated by the body’s own cannabinoids

    Obstructive lung diseases are the third most common cause of death worldwide. They include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which affects many smokers, as well as bronchial asthma. During an asthma attack, the bronchial tubes contract so violently that it is no longer possible to exhale – and this can be life-threatening. “Asthma is an inflammatory process, but what is fatal is the constriction of the bronchial tubes,” explains Annika Simon, lead author of the study. “This is why we are very much interested in the regulation of this constriction.”

    In a previous study, the researchers had likewise focused on the body’s own cannabinoid system, specifically on its effect in the blood vessels of the lungs. The best known endogenous cannabinoid is anandamide. “Since our results show that anandamide dilates the bronchial tubes, we wanted to understand the exact mechanism behind it,” explains Daniela Wenzel.

    Enzyme degrades cannabinoid

    It quickly emerged that the two best-known receptors for anandamide (CB1 and CB2) are irrelevant for this regulation. Therefore, there must be an alternative signalling pathway through which the messenger substance anandamide acts on the bronchial tubes.

    Daniela Wenzel and her team showed that this alternative pathway uses an enzyme called fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). FAAH degrades anandamide, producing e.g. arachidonic acid, which in turn is converted to prostaglandin E2. “We know that prostaglandin E2 can dilate the bronchial tubes,” points out Annika Simon. Prostaglandin E2 acts via certain receptors and leads to an increase in the messenger substance cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate). “It is precisely this, the increase in cAMP, that is targeted by well-established inhalation medications against asthma,” says Daniela Wenzel. So, the goal is the same, but the path is different.

    Anandamide deficiency in asthma

    Wenzel and her team gradually deciphered the signalling pathway. They revealed that the enzyme FAAH is located both in the smooth muscle of the bronchial tubes and in the ciliated epithelium. The increase in cAMP after anandamide administration could be detected both in the mouse model and in human bronchial cells. In order to find out whether anandamide could also works in asthma patients, the team used a disease model in mice where certain substances can be used to create artificial asthma. In these animals, too, the administration of anandamide led to a widening of the bronchial tubes. “This means that asthma doesn’t result in resistance to anandamide,” explains Daniela Wenzel. Moreover, the researchers found that asthmatic animals have less anandamide and other endocannabinoids in their bronchial system than healthy animals. “Therefore, it’s possible that this anandamide deficiency is one of the causes of bronchial asthma,” concludes Daniela Wenzel.

    The discovery of the new signalling pathway could also open up new possibilities for intervening in the disease process. “But there’s still a long way to go, and it will certainly take several years,” stresses Daniela Wenzel. She expressly warns patients not to undertake experiments with cannabis plants. “We can’t draw any direct conclusions regarding plant cannabinoids from the findings on endogenous cannabinoids. Exactly which other ingredients are found in cannabis plants besides the known cannabinoids is entirely unclear. Plus, the plants sometimes contain harmful substances.” Nevertheless, the findings of this study are already pointing towards a better understanding of the body’s own cannabinoid system, which could lead to new treatment options for lung diseases in a few years’ time.

    Funding

    The study was funded by the German Research Foundation (funding code: WE4461/1-1).

    https://news.rub.de/english/press-releases/2022-11-17-medicine-bodys-own-cannabinoids-widen-bronchial-tubes

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  • Mitochondria transmit signals in the immune and nervous systems

    Mitochondria transmit signals in the immune and nervous systems

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    Newswise — New insights into the function of mitochondria reveal interfaces between the nervous and immune systems.

    Mitochondria are primarily known as the powerhouse of the cell. However, these cellular organelles are required not only for providing energy: Professor Konstanze Winklhofer and her group at the Faculty of Medicine at Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, recently discovered that mitochondria play an important role in signal transduction in innate immune pathways. They regulate a signalling pathway that helps to eliminate pathogens, but can cause damage through inflammation upon overactivation. The research team published their findings in the EMBO Journal of 17. November 2022.

    Protection from bacteria and viruses

    Certain cytokines but also intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and some bacteria, activate the transcription factor NF-κB, which regulates the expression of various genes. “Depending on the stimulus and the cell type, NF-κB activation results in protection from cell death and increased synthesis of proteins required for the elimination of bacteria or viruses,” explains Konstanze Winklhofer. However, upon excessive and prolonged activation, this basically protective pathway can cause chronic inflammation. “Hence, a fine-tuned regulation of these signalling processes is of great medical relevance, in order to prevent pathophysiological conditions caused by either inefficient or overshooting NF-κB activation.”

    Two advantages of mitochondria: they are mobile and have a large surface area

    The new study has revealed that mitochondria play a crucial role in the regulation of the NF-κB signalling pathway. Within minutes after pathway activation, a signalling platform assembles at the outer mitochondrial membrane, resulting in the activation of NF-κB. “This allows signal amplification, based on the large surface of mitochondria,” says Konstanze Winklhofer. “Moreover, mitochondria have another capacity that qualifies them as organelles for signal transduction: they are mobile and can dock onto motor proteins in the cell.” The research team observed that mitochondria escort the activated transcription factor NF-κB to the nuclear membrane, thus facilitating the translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus.

    However, mitochondria are not only involved in the efficient activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway; they also contribute to the deactivation and thus regulation of the signal. This is accomplished by an enzyme located at the outer mitochondrial membrane, which counteracts ubiquitination, a posttranslational modification required for NF-κB activation.

    Why Parkinson’s disease patients are more susceptible to some infections

    Two genes causally linked to Parkinson’s disease are involved in the mitochondrial regulation of the NF-κB signalling pathway: PINK1 and Parkin. “Our findings explain why mutations resulting in a loss of PINK1 or Parkin function promote neuronal cell death under stress conditions,” points out Konstanze Winklhofer. “Remarkably, our findings show that Parkinson’s disease patients with mutations in the PINK1 or Parkin gene show an increased vulnerability to various infections caused by intracellular pathogens. Thus, our study also helps to gain a better understanding of the interfaces between the nervous and immune system.”

    Funding

    The research was funded by the German Research Foundation as part of the research unit FOR 2848 and the Excellence Strategy of the German Federal and State Governments – EXC 2033 – 390677874 – RESOLV and by the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research.

    https://news.rub.de/english/press-releases/2022-11-17-medicine-mitochondria-transmit-signals-immune-and-nervous-systems

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