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Key points:
An oft-cited phrase is that students “learn to read, then read to learn.”
It’s time to put that phrase to bed.
Students do need to learn the fundamentals of reading in the early grades, including phonics, which is critical for reading success and mastery. However, it is not true that students learn all they need to learn about reading by the end of elementary school, and then spend the rest of their lives as reading masters who only read to learn.
Teachers are noticing that older readers need ongoing support to read materials used in their classrooms. In a study commissioned by the Advanced Education Research and Development Fund (AERDF), a national nonprofit, 44 percent of grade 3–8 teachers reported that their students always or nearly always have difficulty reading instructional materials.
In grades 6-12, students are still learning to read and are still reading to learn. However, “learning to read” matures into more advanced decoding of multisyllabic words, syntax (all those annoying grammar rules that the reader needs to pay attention to to understand a sentence), fluency on longer sentences and paragraphs, and comprehension, which requires an increasingly sophisticated understanding of a wide range of topics across content areas.
Consider the word “sad.” Most elementary school students can decode the word sad and would easily recognize it in both speech and print. Now, consider the words “crusade,” “ambassador,” “Pasadena,” “misadvise,” and “quesadilla.” Each contains the letters “sad” within the word, none of the pronunciations are the same as “sad,” and none mean unhappiness or sorrow. Without instruction on multisyllabic words (and morphemes), we can’t assume that middle schoolers can decode words containing “sad,” especially with different pronunciations and meanings. But middle schoolers are expected to navigate these types of words in their language arts, social studies, and science classes.
“Sad” and its many appearances in words is just one example of the increasing complexity of literacy beyond elementary school, and middle schoolers will also encounter more interdisciplinary subjects that play a unique role in their developing literacy skills. Here are four points to consider when it comes to adolescent literacy:
- Reading and writing instruction must become increasingly discipline-specific. While foundational reading skills are universal, students must enhance their skills to meet the unique expectations of different subjects, like literature, science, social studies, and math. Texts in those subjects vary widely, from historical documents to graphs to fictional literature, each having its own language, rules, and comprehension demands. Students must be taught to read for science in science, for math in math, and for social studies in social studies. How and what they read in language arts is not sufficient enough to transfer to different content areas. The reading approach to “The Old Man and the Sea” is different from “The Gettysburg Address,” and both are different from a scientific article on cell division. Along with reading, students must be taught how to write in ways that reflect the uniqueness of the content.
- This means that it’s all hands on deck for upper-grade educators. Adolescent literacy is often associated with language arts, but reading and writing are integrated practices that underpin every discipline. This calls for all educators to be experts in their discipline’s literacy practices, supporting and developing student skills, from reading and writing poetry and prose in language arts; to primary and secondary source documents, maps, and political cartoons in social studies; graphs, reports, and research in science; and equations and word problems in mathematics.
- Build background knowledge to enhance comprehension. As students advance to higher grades, their discipline-specific reading skills impact their ability to attain content knowledge. The more students understand about the discipline, the better they can engage with the content and its unique vocabulary. Precise language like “theme,” “mitosis,” “amendment,” and “equation” requires students to read with increasing sophistication. To meet the content and knowledge demands of their discipline, educators must incorporate background knowledge building, starting with the meaning of words to help students unlock comprehension.
- Teaching fluency, vocabulary, and syntax is evergreen. Along with multisyllabic decoding, students should continue to receive instruction and practice in each of the above, as they all play a starring role in how well readers comprehend a text.
And most importantly, the education community must take a K-12 approach to literacy if it’s serious about improving reading outcomes for students. As more data emerges on the reading challenges of adolescents in this post-COVID era, it’s more critical now than ever to include adolescent literacy in funding and planning. The data are clear that support for literacy instruction cannot stop at fifth-grade graduation.
While middle school students are “reading to learn,” we must remember that they are also “learning to read” well into and through high school. It’s more important than ever that state and local education leaders support policies and resources that seamlessly provide for the ongoing academic literacy needs from kindergarten to 12th grade.
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Miah Daughtery, EdD, NWEA
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