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  • “Get to know and minimize the investing fees you pay”: Michael McCullough, MoneySense contributing editor – MoneySense

    “Get to know and minimize the investing fees you pay”: Michael McCullough, MoneySense contributing editor – MoneySense

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    Image courtesy of Wiley

    Recently, Michael helped to update the Canadian version of Personal Finance for Dummies (7th edition), a comprehensive guide to everything from budgeting and spending to taxes and retirement. Below, he shares his own money experiences and what he thinks is the most underrated financial advice.

    Who are your finance or investing heroes?

    Maybe John Bogle, who founded The Vanguard Group, an investment firm in the U.S. that created the first index funds for retail investors. He was driven by more than self-interest. He wanted to empower small investors. Bogle also wrote The Little Book of Common Sense Investing, which made it into MoneySense’s list of 25 timeless personal finance books.

    How do you like to spend your free time?

    Cycling, hiking, running. I live in the Cowichan Valley on Vancouver Island, which has amazing trails right outside your door.

    If money were no object, what would you be doing right now?

    Michael McCullough stands on a hiking trail in front of mountains.
    Hiking in Tofino, B.C. Photo courtesy of Michael McCullough.

    Travelling to expensive destinations like Paris, Japan and the South Pacific.

    What was your first memory about money?

    I seemed to “get” money from a young age. I’d save it and loan it to my teenaged siblings at pretty high rates of interest. This was the late 1970s and early ’80s, when interest rates were sky-high. Then I learned about credit risk!

    What’s the first thing you remember buying with your own money?

    A K-tel compilation record full of one-hit wonders from the 1970s.

    What was your first job?

    I sold service-station coupons door-to-door on commission. It was a racket. I quit after two weeks.

    What was the biggest money lesson you learned as an adult?

    When I was 22, I got ripped off by a criminal gang in Thailand. I basically had to buy my way out of possible captivity with gold, paid for with an American Express card my dad had given me for emergencies. It took me months to pay my dad back, but I knew even then that it’s only money.

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    MoneySense Editors

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  • Boost your portfolio: Why and how to increase small-cap exposure with ETFs – MoneySense

    Boost your portfolio: Why and how to increase small-cap exposure with ETFs – MoneySense

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    Interestingly, small-cap stocks have historically outperformed their larger counterparts and, if academics are to be believed, will continue to do so over the long term. Don’t let recency bias sway you; the dominance of mega-cap stocks over the last decade isn’t the whole story.

    What is a market cap?

    Market cap, short for market capitalization, is the total market value of a company’s outstanding shares, or stocks. To calculate market cap, multiple the number of shares by the market price of one share. (For example, a company with 10 million shares priced at $25 each has a market cap of $250 million.) People in the investing community use market cap to indicate a company’s value and compare its size relative to others in the same industry or sector. Stock exchanges and cryptocurrencies also have a market cap. 

    Read more in the MoneySense Glossary of Investing terms: What is a market cap?

    When it comes to the stock market, there are certain formulas, known as asset pricing models, that help us understand why stocks move the way they do. You might have heard of one called CAPM, or the Capital Asset Pricing Model. Basically, CAPM tells us that the return you should expect from a stock is tied to how risky it is compared to the whole market. It’s like saying, the riskier the stock, the bigger the potential reward should be.

    Here’s the twist: CAPM doesn’t reveal the whole story. It misses out on some other factors that can also affect a stock’s performance. Back in the 1990s, two professors from the University of Chicago, Eugene Fama and Kenneth French, added more layers to this model. It’s called the Fama-French three-factor model. It later grew into a five-factor model, but to keep it simple, let’s go with the original three:

    1. Market Factor (Rm-Rf): This is the extra return you’d expect from investing in the stock market over something super safe, like government bonds.
    2. Size Factor (SMB for Small Minus Big): This one’s interesting because it shows that smaller companies often outperform larger ones. It’s kind of like rooting for the underdog.
    3. Value Factor (HML for High Minus Low): This tells us that stocks that are priced lower relative to their book values (think bargain stocks) often do better than those that are more expensive.

    So, focusing on the size factor, it explains why, over time, these smaller companies, or “small caps” as we call them, might give you better returns than the giants of the stock world. 

    Source: Test.io

    To understand the performance dynamics between large- and small-cap stocks, we can examine two older U.S. index-based mutual funds: the Vanguard 500 Index Fund Admiral Shares (VFIAX), which tracks the S&P 500, and the Vanguard Small-Cap Index Fund Admiral Shares (VSMAX). 

    We’ll use a back-test period from November 14, 2000, to September 19, 2024. This timeline is particularly insightful as it includes several major market events: the dot-com bust, the 2008 financial crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing bull market primarily driven by technology stocks.

    During this period, small caps, represented by VSMAX, outperformed the S&P 500, as tracked by VFIAX. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for VSMAX stood at 9.21% compared to 7.98% for VFIAX. However, this higher return came with increased volatility and larger drawdowns (price drops from peak to trough).

    On a risk-adjusted basis, the performance of both funds essentially leveled out with an identical 0.31 Sharpe ratio, meaning that investors in VSMAX were compensated more or less fairly for the higher risk associated with small-cap investments. 

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    Tony Dong

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  • Cap-weighted vs. equal-weighted ETFs: Which is best for Canadian investors? – MoneySense

    Cap-weighted vs. equal-weighted ETFs: Which is best for Canadian investors? – MoneySense

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    Source: Multpl.com

    The CAPE Ratio assesses a stock’s price compared to its average earnings over the past 10 years, adjusted for inflation. A high CAPE Ratio suggests that stocks might be overvalued relative to historical earnings, indicating potential downside risks.

    The picture isn’t as clear-cut as it seems, however. One of the primary drawbacks of equal weighting, as critics point out, is the additional drag on performance from its methodology. 

    Source: testfol.io

    Take the Invesco S&P 500 Equal Weight ETF (RSP) as an example. It has a 21% turnover and a 0.20% expense ratio. The Canadian-listed version is the Invesco S&P 500 Equal Weight Index ETF (EQL, EQL.F). In contrast, SPY maintains a mere 2% turnover and a lower expense ratio of 0.0945%.

    While it’s true that RSP outperformed SPY in total returns since its inception in April 2003, the victory isn’t as clear-cut as it might seem. The risk-adjusted return of RSP, indicated by a Sharpe ratio of 0.45, is slightly lower than SPY’s 0.48. What does that mean? It could suggest that RSP took on higher volatility for only marginally better returns. Moreover, RSP experienced a deeper maximum drawdown than SPY. A maximum drawdown measures the largest single drop from peak to trough during a specified period, indicating a higher historical risk of losses for investors.

    Source: testfol.io

    Further analysis via factor regression reveals that most of RSP’s outperformance can be attributed to the size. Essentially, RSP’s equal-weighted methodology has inadvertently skewed its exposure towards smaller and more undervalued companies, which historically have contributed to outperformance.

    This raises a critical point: If the goal is to invest in these kinds of companies, wouldn’t it be more straightforward and efficient to target them directly based on fundamental metrics rather than adopting a blanket equal-weighting approach to the entire S&P 500?

    I find myself siding with cap weighting now. The primary appeal is simplicity. Market-cap strategies require fewer decisions regarding rebalancing or reconstitution, which in turn keeps sources of friction like turnover and fees considerably lower—resulting in fewer headwinds to performance.

    In an ideal frictionless world, the appeal of equal weighting is clear. However, the reality of quarterly rebalancing and higher fees associated with equal-weight ETFs has not historically yielded better risk-adjusted returns over the last two decades. 

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    Tony Dong

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  • Is VFV a good buy? What about other U.S. ETFs with even lower fees? – MoneySense

    Is VFV a good buy? What about other U.S. ETFs with even lower fees? – MoneySense

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    Sure, investing in these ETFs means you’ll forfeit 15% of your dividends to withholding tax. Yet, for many, it’s a worthwhile trade-off to gain access the most significant U.S. equity index—a benchmark that, according to the Standard & Poor’s Indices Versus Active (SPIVA) report, has outperformed 88% of all U.S. large-cap funds over the past 15 years.

    But hold on, these aren’t your only choices. And here’s something you might not know: they aren’t even the cheapest around. Just like opting for no-name brands at the store can offer the same quality for a lower price, other ETF managers have been quietly rolling out competing U.S. equity index ETFs that come with even lower fees. Here’s what you need to know to make an informed choice.

    Exploring cheaper alternatives to the well-known S&P 500 ETFs—like VFV, ZSP and XUS—leads us to a pair of lesser known but highly competitive options: the TD U.S. Equity Index ETF (TPU) and the Desjardins American Equity Index ETF (DMEU). Launched in March 2016 and April 2024, respectively, these ETFs track the Solactive US Large Cap CAD Index (CA NTR) and the Solactive GBS United States 500 CAD Index. The “CA NTR” stands for “net total return,” which means the index accounts for after-withholding tax returns, providing a more accurate measure of what Canadian investors might take home.

    Essentially, these indices offer U.S. equity exposure without the licensing costs associated with the brand-name S&P 500 index, which is a significant advantage for keeping expenses low. You can think of Solactive as the RC Cola of the indexing industry, and S&P Global as Coca-Cola, and MSCI as Pepsi. 

    For TPU, the management fee is set at 0.06%, with a total MER of 0.07%. DMEU charges a management fee of just 0.05%. Since it hasn’t been trading for a full year yet, its MER is still to be determined but is expected to be competitively low.

    In terms of portfolio composition, there’s scant difference between the these ETFs: VFV, TPU and DMEU. Glance at the top 10 holdings, and you’ll see the weightings of these ETFs reveals very similar exposure, with only minor deviations. Similarly, when comparing sector allocations between TPU and VFV, they align closely, reflecting a consistent approach to capturing the broad U.S. equity market. However, look a bit deeper into the technical aspects, the indices that these ETFs track—the Solactive indices for TPU and DMEU versus the S&P 500 for VFV—exhibit some notable differences. 

    The S&P 500 is not as straightforward as it might seem, though. It doesn’t just track the 500 largest U.S. stocks. Instead, what is included is at the discretion of a committee, subject to eligibility criteria including market capitalization, liquidity, public float and positive earnings. This makes it more stringent and somewhat more active than you might have thought.

    In contrast, the Solactive indices used by TPU and DMEU are more passive. They simply track the largest 500 U.S. stocks by market cap, with minimal additional screening criteria. This straightforward approach lends a more passive characteristic to these indices compared to the S&P 500.

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    Tony Dong

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  • Taking an active approach to ETF investing in Canada – MoneySense

    Taking an active approach to ETF investing in Canada – MoneySense

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    Although ETFs are often considered instruments for passive or index investing, actively managed ETFs are on the rise. If U.S. investment trends are a bellwether for what’s in store for Canada—and they often are—then active ETFs may have a bright future here.

    In the U.S., the share of ETF inflows that went to active ETFs in the first half of 2023 was about 30%, more than double the amount for all of 2022. A decade ago, active ETFs accounted for just 2.3% of fund inflows. How does the growth of active ETFs compare to that of passive ETFs? In the first half of 2023, passive ETFs grew at an organic rate of 3%, while active ETFs grew much quicker, at a rate of 14%. They’re gaining popularity in other global markets, as well. In Asia, active ETFs grew 78% in the first half of this year.

    Clearly, active ETFs are also attracting a lot of interest from investors. But how do active ETFs work, are they right for you, and how can you buy these ETFs in Canada for your registered retirement savings plan (RRSP)?

    The benefits of active ETFs

    In the investment world, there’s plenty of debate over which management style—active or passive—is better for investors, but both have their merits. If active ETFs fit your investment objective, time horizon and strategy, they could offer you the following benefits:

    1. Opportunity to invest in specific strategies: Active funds could offer investors a convenient way to invest in a certain sector or implement a particular investment strategy. While this can be achieved with passive ETFs too, the active ETF option could be used by investors who want to try to outperform the index in a particular sector.
    2. Possibility of outperforming the market: Although passive ETFs typically have lower fees than active ones, some investors are unsatisfied with simply getting market exposure; they want to outperform the market, which is primarily what active ETFs try to do.
    3. Easy to buy and sell: ETFs offer greater flexibility of trading intraday than mutual funds. You can buy and sell ETFs on a stock exchange anytime during trading hours. Also, unlike mutual funds, you’ll know the purchase or sale price of the ETF units when you place the order.
    4. Downside protection: Active ETF managers can prepare for or react to market events, including corrections and crashes. Unlike with an index fund, which mimics what the index itself does, the manager of an active ETF may increase their cash or fixed-income holdings in anticipation of a market downturn. In doing so, they attempt to limit their investments’ decline in value.

    Because of the above features, active ETFs could be the “core” portion of an investment portfolio (and, if held inside a registered account such as an RRSP, your investments can grow on a tax-deferred basis). Active ETFs could also form part of a “core and explore” portfolio in which passive ETFs could be the core. As the “explore” part of the strategy, active ETFs could be used to explore a particular sector or to attempt to outperform a market index.

    How to buy Fidelity Active ETFs

    If you decide that active ETFs are suited to your portfolio and investment style, there are two ways to access them.

    • A financial advisor: Financial advisors can access Fidelity’s ETFs and add them to their clients’ investment portfolios. A financial advisor can help you decide whether active ETFs are a good fit for your portfolio, which one(s) to buy and how much to invest.
    • An online brokerage: For self-directed investors who don’t work with an advisor, Fidelity’s ETFs are available through most online brokerages (also known as “discount”  brokerages). When logged in to your online brokerage account, search for the ticker symbol of the ETF you’re searching for—as you would search for a stock.

    In investing, one size doesn’t fit all. While some investors may prefer a passive-only portfolio of ETFs, others may want to implement specific strategies with the potential for higher returns. Also, many investors do both—hold passive ETFs as well as experiment with active options.

    Learn more about Fidelity Active ETFs.

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    Aditya Nain

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