PFAS in Washington’s well water could make you sick

High-profile contamination sites near military facilities in Washington have garnered the most attention so far – in part because sites such as the Yakima Training Center, the Whidbey Island Naval Air Station, Joint Base Lewis McChord and Fairchild Air Force Base near Spokane were all known to use large quantities of firefighting foam containing PFAS in training exercises. The Department of Ecology is working to identify those sources and pressure the military to pay for treatment and cleanup.

But as other sites are discovered, the sources of PFAS often aren’t as easy to track down, especially because the slippery substances can travel far –  sometimes evaporating and falling back to earth in rain.

In Vancouver, remediation could total $235M

Vancouver, Washington’s water system is the third-largest in the state, serving nearly 280,000 customers. In late 2020, before the state Department of Ecology had finalized its PFAS action levels, the city of Vancouver decided to be proactive and test its wells – the city relies exclusively on groundwater from three aquifers as the source of its drinking water.

No PFAS chemicals had been detected during tests in 2013, so Tyler Clary, Vancouver’s water engineering program manager, was shocked to discover that five of the city’s nine water stations had concentrations of PFAS above the state action level – and three additional stations were above the expected EPA level.  

“It was like – oh crap, what are we going to do?” Clary said. “How big of an issue is this? What levels are a health concern, because it’s an ever-evolving science. We really had to educate ourselves on the subject. And then try to address it and work toward a solution.”

Each of the nine water stations in Vancouver draws on a variety of wells, so in the short term, Clary said, Vancouver is attempting to dilute the most polluted sources with water from wells that have no PFAS or at least lower concentrations. “We try to keep the ones with higher concentrations offline as much as possible,” Clary said.

The city has worked with the Department of Health and Clark County Public Health to alert affected residents and recommend options that include buying bottled water or installing filtration systems. Pregnant people and infants who are breastfeeding or on formula are most at risk, DOH says on its website.

In December, the city of Vancouver developed a three-year treatment plan, which will employ two technologies at various sites to treat contaminated water: granular activated carbon (which absorbs PFAS) and ion exchange (in which PFAS is pulled from water and replaced with a different ion). The city also plans to drill deeper wells at two sites.

Clary said the city estimates it will cost $235 million to install the equipment needed to remove PFAS from its drinking water and an additional $1.5 million each year to maintain the filtration systems.

How Vancouver will pay for these upgrades is an open question. The city received a $12.7 million grant from the Washington State Water Revolving Fund (a pot of money that’s a mix of state and federal dollars for drinking-water projects) that will allow the city to install treatment equipment at one site with the highest PFAS concentrations – 18.6 parts per trillion, slightly over the state limit of 15 ppt.

Last May, the state Attorney General’s Office filed a lawsuit against 20 PFAS manufacturers, including 3M and DuPont, to help pay for the state’s efforts to fix its contaminated water systems. In response to separate national class action suits, DuPont and two other manufacturers of PFAS agreed in June to a $1.3 billion settlement, and in August 3M agreed to a $10.3 billion settlement.

While those settlements are significant, more money will be needed.

Rogowski said that Ecology likely needs a dozen more staff members just to tackle the complex task of determining sources of PFAS and who should pay for cleanup. “We have a pretty high number of attorneys in the Attorney General’s Office that support the cleanup program,” he said, noting that determining who’s at fault will be tricky. “Maybe multiple people contributed to contamination on a site and you’ve got to sort out who owes what,” he said.

In December, the Biden administration announced it is designating $10 billion from the 2021 Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill for PFAS removal, much of it to be available as grants to states and tribal entities.

Clary said that although the city of Vancouver has been working with a consultant for three years attempting to locate the sources of PFAS in the city’s water system, they haven’t found an obvious culprit. “It’s very widespread at really low concentrations and we haven’t been able to pinpoint even one specific source.”

Determining sources of contamination may be a tricky undertaking, and according to Rebecca Lawson, toxics cleanup manager for the Department of Ecology’s southwest region (which includes both Tumwater and Vancouver), her office isn’t currently able to conduct these complex investigations. “Typically, the way we approach cleanup sites, we’re aware of contamination and we try to look for a liable party,” Lawson said, noting there’s no clear culprit for contamination at either Lazy Acres or Vancouver.

“I don’t have the staff or the financial resources just to jump out and start doing a bunch of investigations,” she said, “I don’t have enough to deal with what we have on our plates already.”

At Lazy Acres, concerns about what’s next

In late 2021, just before state regulations on PFAS went into effect, Thurston PUD found levels of PFOS at the two wells in Lazy Acres over the state limit of 15 ppt, said general manager John Weidenfeller. He said measurements since that time have averaged 18 ppt, slightly over the state action level.

Thurston PUD, which provides water to about 10,000 households in Thurston and five other counties, notified the 94 affected homes in Lazy Acres about the contamination.

Paul Grant, who’s retired and has lived in the neighborhood for two and a half years, said he’s been receiving updates from Thurston PUD every month or two. Troubled, Grant said he had a long phone call with customer service at the utility: “And I was like, OK, but what happens next?”

Weidenfeller said that in the short term, Thurston PUD has applied for a grant from the state to install filtration systems at the two wells in Lazy Acres, which he estimates will cost more than $500,000 – a significant cost for a system serving a little over 200 people.

It’s a frustrating development, says Kim Gubbe, Thurston PUD’s director of field operations, especially since Lazy Acres won an award in 2009 from Evergreen Rural Water for the state’s best-tasting drinking water. “It’s one of our best non-chlorinated water systems. It has just the right amount of minerals in it,” Gubbe said. “I would not have made a bet we would find PFAS in it.”

If the grant doesn’t come through, Weidenfeller said, the utility is considering other options, including purchasing water from the city of Tumwater or adding a surcharge to customer rates. More money at the state and federal level will be necessary, Weidenfeller said, especially once the more stringent EPA rules are enacted and water utilities compete to address PFAS. “We could eat up that whole pot of money easily,” he said.

Clary noted, however, that at the same moment Washington is scrambling to figure out how to pay for PFAS removal, in 2023 the state used only a small fraction of $63 million available in federal drinking-water funds intended to remove lead in service lines, which isn’t as prevalent here as on the East Coast. “Why can’t we use that lead service-line replacement money for PFAS?” he wondered, noting that the city is lobbying to change the rules that apply to those funds.

One resident of Lazy Acres, who wanted to be identified by only her first name, Valerie, to protect her privacy, said that ever since PFAS was discovered in her community, she’s lost faith in Thurston PUD. “It was the best, really tasty,” she said. “Now I’ve started to drink bottled water, and I wonder if I should use it when I make coffee. I don’t trust what they do to their system.”

Coincidentally, while preparing to speak to Crosscut for this article, Ecology’s Rebecca Lawson noticed on the Department of Health’s dashboard that one water source between Olympia and Tacoma known as Classic Heights tested over the state limit in September. This was personally significant because Lawson lives about a mile away from the Classic Heights site and draws water from a private well on her property.

“It feels a bit concerning,” she said about discovering PFAS so near her home. “Like, wow – maybe I need to think about having my well tested.”