SOURCES:

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Drug and Alcohol Dependence: “Alcohol and Opioid Dependence Medications: Prescription Trends, Overall and by Physician Specialty.”

Stephen Richard Holt, MD, MS, FACP, associate professor, Yale School of Medicine; associate program director, ambulatory education, Yale Primary Care Residency Program; co-director, Addiction Recovery Clinic, Yale New Haven Hospital Saint Raphael Campus, New Haven, CT.

Gerard J. Schmidt, MA, MAC, LPC, CAC, president, NAADAC, the Association for Addiction Professionals; chief operations officer, Valley HealthCare System, Morgantown, WV.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide (Third Edition), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration/National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Medication for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Brief Guide, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2015.

New England Journal of Medicine: “Naltrexone for the Management of Alcohol Dependence.”

The Brain From Top to Bottom, McGill: “Anxiety Neurotransmitters.”

Purves, D. Neuroscience, 2nd ed., Sinauer Associates, 2001.

Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment: “Safety and Efficacy of Acamprosate for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence.”

UpToDate: “Pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder.”

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